更新模组数据 (2025-11-07) (#4770 )

优化 Github Actions 构建速度 (#4745 )
Fix #4538 : 删除实例失败时弹出对话框 (#4540 )
2025-11-09 20:57:10 +08:00 · 2025-11-08 21:54:15 +08:00 · 2025-11-08 21:52:01 +08:00 · 2025-11-08 21:51:28 +08:00 · 2025-11-08 21:50:16 +08:00 · 2025-11-08 21:20:01 +08:00
78 changed files with 3180 additions and 1377 deletions
@@ -21,5 +21,9 @@ jobs:
          distribution: 'zulu'
          java-version: '17'
          java-package: 'jdk+fx'
+      - name: Setup Gradle
+        uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@v5
+        with:
+          cache-cleanup: never
      - name: Check Codes
        run: ./gradlew checkstyle checkTranslations --no-daemon --parallel --stacktrace
@@ -9,9 +9,19 @@ permissions:
  contents: write

 jobs:
-  dev-check-update:
+  check-update:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'HMCL-dev' }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: 1
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - channel: dev
+            task: checkUpdateDev
+          - channel: stable
+            task: checkUpdateStable
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: check-update-${{ matrix.channel }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - name: Set up JDK
@@ -22,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Fetch tags
        run: git fetch --all --tags
      - name: Fetch last version
-        run: ./gradlew checkUpdateDev --no-daemon --info --stacktrace
+        run: ./gradlew ${{ matrix.task }} --no-daemon --info --stacktrace
      - name: Check for existing tags
        run: if [ -z "$(git tag -l "$HMCL_TAG_NAME")" ]; then echo "continue=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV; fi
      - name: Download artifacts
@@ -34,66 +44,16 @@ jobs:
          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256"
          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh"
          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256"
+        env:
+          GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL: https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL/releases/download
      - name: Generate release note
        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
        run: |
-          echo "The full changelogs can be found on the website: https://docs.hmcl.net/changelog/dev.html" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "*Notice: changelogs are written in Chinese.*" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| File Name | SHA-256 Checksum |"  >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| ---  | --- |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/v$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe) | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256)\` |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/v$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar) | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256)\` |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/v$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh)   | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256)\` |"  >> RELEASE_NOTE
-        env:
-          GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL: https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL/releases/download
-      - name: Create release
-        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
-        with:
-          body_path: RELEASE_NOTE
-          files: |
-            HMCL-${{ env.HMCL_VERSION }}.exe
-            HMCL-${{ env.HMCL_VERSION }}.jar
-            HMCL-${{ env.HMCL_VERSION }}.sh
-          target_commitish: ${{ env.HMCL_COMMIT_SHA }}
-          name: ${{ env.HMCL_TAG_NAME }}
-          tag_name: ${{ env.HMCL_TAG_NAME }}
-          prerelease: true
-  stable-check-update:
-    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'HMCL-dev' }}
-    needs: dev-check-update
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - name: Set up JDK
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v5
-        with:
-          distribution: 'temurin'
-          java-version: '25'
-      - name: Fetch tags
-        run: git fetch --all --tags
-
-      - name: Fetch last version
-        run: ./gradlew checkUpdateStable --no-daemon --info --stacktrace
-      - name: Check for existing tags
-        run: if ! git tag -l | grep -q "$HMCL_TAG_NAME"; then echo "continue=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV; fi 
-      - name: Download artifacts
-        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
-        run: |
-          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe"
-          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256"
-          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar"
-          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256"
-          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh"
-          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256"
-      - name: Generate release note
-        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
-        run: |
-          echo "**This version is a stable version.**" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "The full changelogs can be found on the website: https://docs.hmcl.net/changelog/stable.html" >> RELEASE_NOTE
+          if [ "${{ matrix.channel }}" = "stable" ]; then
+            echo "**This version is a stable version.**" >> RELEASE_NOTE
+            echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
+          fi
+          echo "The full changelogs can be found on the website: https://docs.hmcl.net/changelog/${{ matrix.channel }}.html" >> RELEASE_NOTE
          echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
          echo "*Notice: changelogs are written in Chinese.*" >> RELEASE_NOTE
          echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
@@ -19,8 +19,12 @@ jobs:
        distribution: 'zulu'
        java-version: '17'
        java-package: 'jdk+fx'
+    - name: Setup Gradle
+      uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@v5
+      with:
+        cache-cleanup: never
    - name: Build with Gradle
-      run: ./gradlew build --no-daemon
+      run: ./gradlew build --no-daemon --parallel
      env:
        MICROSOFT_AUTH_ID: ${{ secrets.MICROSOFT_AUTH_ID }}
        MICROSOFT_AUTH_SECRET: ${{ secrets.MICROSOFT_AUTH_SECRET }}
@@ -47,4 +51,4 @@ jobs:
        name: HMCL-${{ env.SHORT_SHA }}-sh
        path: |
          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.sh
-          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.sh.sha256
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.sh.sha256
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ hmcl-exported-logs-*
 /.local/
 /.cache/

+# IANA Language Subtag Registry
+language-subtag-registry
+
 # gradle build
 /build/
 /HMCL/build/
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ tasks.register<JavaExec>("run") {
    classpath = files(jarPath)
    workingDir = rootProject.rootDir

-    val vmOptions = parseToolOptions(System.getenv("HMCL_JAVA_OPTS"))
+    val vmOptions = parseToolOptions(System.getenv("HMCL_JAVA_OPTS") ?: "-Xmx1g")
    if (vmOptions.none { it.startsWith("-Dhmcl.offline.auth.restricted=") })
        vmOptions += "-Dhmcl.offline.auth.restricted=false"

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.FileSaver;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.SelfDependencyPatcher;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.SwingUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.java.JavaRuntime;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.JarUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OperatingSystem;

 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
 import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
 import java.lang.invoke.MethodType;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ public final class EntryPoint {
        setupJavaFXVMOptions();
        checkDirectoryPath();

-        if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.MACOS)
+        if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.MACOS && !isInsideMacAppBundle())
            initIcon();

        checkJavaFX();
@@ -159,6 +162,25 @@ public final class EntryPoint {
        }
    }

+    private static boolean isInsideMacAppBundle() {
+        Path thisJar = JarUtils.thisJarPath();
+        if (thisJar == null)
+            return false;
+
+        for (Path current = thisJar.getParent();
+             current != null && current.getParent() != null;
+             current = current.getParent()
+        ) {
+            if ("Contents".equals(FileUtils.getName(current))
+                    && FileUtils.getName(current.getParent()).endsWith(".app")
+                    && Files.exists(current.resolve("Info.plist"))
+            ) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
    private static void initIcon() {
        try {
            if (java.awt.Taskbar.isTaskbarSupported()) {
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting;
 import com.google.gson.*;
 import com.google.gson.annotations.JsonAdapter;
 import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
-import javafx.beans.InvalidationListener;
 import javafx.beans.Observable;
 import javafx.beans.property.*;
 import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
@@ -38,18 +37,15 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.java.JavaRuntime;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.*;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.SupportedLocale;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.DirtyTracker;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.ObservableHelper;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

-import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
 import java.lang.reflect.*;
 import java.net.Proxy;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.*;

@JsonAdapter(value = Config.Adapter.class)
-public final class Config implements Observable {
+public final class Config extends ObservableSetting {

    public static final int CURRENT_VERSION = 2;
    public static final int CURRENT_UI_VERSION = 0;
@@ -67,54 +63,15 @@ public final class Config implements Observable {
            .setObjectToNumberStrategy(ToNumberPolicy.LONG_OR_DOUBLE)
            .create();

-    private static final List<ObservableField<Config>> FIELDS;
-
-    static {
-        final MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
-        Field[] fields = Config.class.getDeclaredFields();
-
-        var configFields = new ArrayList<ObservableField<Config>>(fields.length);
-        for (Field field : fields) {
-            int modifiers = field.getModifiers();
-            if (Modifier.isTransient(modifiers) || Modifier.isStatic(modifiers))
-                continue;
-
-            configFields.add(ObservableField.of(lookup, field));
-        }
-        FIELDS = List.copyOf(configFields);
-    }
-
    @Nullable
    public static Config fromJson(String json) throws JsonParseException {
        return CONFIG_GSON.fromJson(json, Config.class);
    }

-    private transient final ObservableHelper helper = new ObservableHelper(this);
-    private transient final DirtyTracker tracker = new DirtyTracker();
-    private transient final Map<String, JsonElement> unknownFields = new HashMap<>();
-
    public Config() {
-        var shouldBeWrite = Collections.<Observable>newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<>());
-        Collections.addAll(shouldBeWrite, configVersion, uiVersion);
-
-        for (var field : FIELDS) {
-            Observable observable = field.get(this);
-            if (shouldBeWrite.contains(observable))
-                tracker.markDirty(observable);
-            else
-                tracker.track(observable);
-            observable.addListener(helper);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void addListener(InvalidationListener listener) {
-        helper.addListener(listener);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void removeListener(InvalidationListener listener) {
-        helper.removeListener(listener);
+        tracker.markDirty(configVersion);
+        tracker.markDirty(uiVersion);
+        register();
    }

    public String toJson() {
@@ -775,53 +732,10 @@ public final class Config implements Observable {
        return configurations;
    }

-    public static final class Adapter implements JsonSerializer<Config>, JsonDeserializer<Config> {
-
+    public static final class Adapter extends ObservableSetting.Adapter<Config> {
        @Override
-        public JsonElement serialize(Config config, Type typeOfSrc, JsonSerializationContext context) {
-            if (config == null)
-                return JsonNull.INSTANCE;
-
-            JsonObject result = new JsonObject();
-            for (var field : FIELDS) {
-                Observable observable = field.get(config);
-                if (config.tracker.isDirty(observable)) {
-                    field.serialize(result, config, context);
-                }
-            }
-            config.unknownFields.forEach(result::add);
-            return result;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public Config deserialize(JsonElement json, Type typeOfT, JsonDeserializationContext context) throws JsonParseException {
-            if (json == null || json.isJsonNull())
-                return null;
-
-            if (!json.isJsonObject())
-                throw new JsonParseException("Config is not an object: " + json);
-
-            Config config = new Config();
-
-            var values = new LinkedHashMap<>(json.getAsJsonObject().asMap());
-            for (ObservableField<Config> field : FIELDS) {
-                JsonElement value = values.remove(field.getSerializedName());
-                if (value == null) {
-                    for (String alternateName : field.getAlternateNames()) {
-                        value = values.remove(alternateName);
-                        if (value != null)
-                            break;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (value != null) {
-                    config.tracker.markDirty(field.get(config));
-                    field.deserialize(config, value, context);
-                }
-            }
-
-            config.unknownFields.putAll(values);
-            return config;
+        protected Config createInstance() {
+            return new Config();
        }
    }
 }
@@ -22,13 +22,19 @@ import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
 import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
 import javafx.scene.Scene;
 import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;

+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Base64;
 import java.util.Locale;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.ConfigHolder.config;
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

 /**
 * @author Glavo
@@ -51,8 +57,23 @@ public final class StyleSheets {
        config().themeProperty().addListener(o -> stylesheets.set(THEME_STYLE_SHEET_INDEX, getThemeStyleSheet()));
    }

-    private static String toStyleSheetUri(String styleSheet) {
-        return "data:text/css;charset=UTF-8;base64," + Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(styleSheet.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+    private static String toStyleSheetUri(String styleSheet, String fallback) {
+        if (FXUtils.JAVAFX_MAJOR_VERSION >= 17)
+            // JavaFX 17+ support loading stylesheets from data URIs
+            // https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8267554
+            return "data:text/css;charset=UTF-8;base64," + Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(styleSheet.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        else
+            try {
+                Path temp = Files.createTempFile("hmcl", ".css");
+                // For JavaFX 17 or earlier, CssParser uses the default charset
+                // https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8279328
+                Files.writeString(temp, styleSheet, Charset.defaultCharset());
+                temp.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+                return temp.toUri().toString();
+            } catch (IOException | NullPointerException e) {
+                LOG.error("Unable to create stylesheet, fallback to " + fallback, e);
+                return fallback;
+            }
    }

    private static String getFontStyleSheet() {
@@ -102,7 +123,7 @@ public final class StyleSheets {

        builder.append('}');

-        return toStyleSheetUri(builder.toString());
+        return toStyleSheetUri(builder.toString(), defaultCss);
    }

    private static String rgba(Color color, double opacity) {
@@ -129,7 +150,7 @@ public final class StyleSheets {
                "-fx-base-disabled-text-fill:" + rgba(theme.getForegroundColor(), 0.7) + ";" +
                "-fx-base-text-fill:" + Theme.getColorDisplayName(theme.getForegroundColor()) + ";" +
                "-theme-thumb:" + rgba(theme.getPaint(), 0.7) + ";" +
-                '}');
+                '}', blueCss);
    }

    public static void init(Scene scene) {
@@ -22,16 +22,18 @@ import com.jfoenix.controls.JFXDialogLayout;
 import javafx.scene.control.Label;
 import javafx.scene.control.ProgressIndicator;
 import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.Metadata;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Schedulers;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.DialogCloseEvent;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.JFXHyperlink;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.upgrade.RemoteVersion;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.versioning.VersionNumber;
 import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
 import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
 import org.jsoup.nodes.Node;

-import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.URL;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.Metadata.CHANGELOG_URL;
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@ import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

 public final class UpgradeDialog extends JFXDialogLayout {
+
    public UpgradeDialog(RemoteVersion remoteVersion, Runnable updateRunnable) {
        maxWidthProperty().bind(Controllers.getScene().widthProperty().multiply(0.7));
        maxHeightProperty().bind(Controllers.getScene().heightProperty().multiply(0.7));
@@ -48,22 +51,21 @@ public final class UpgradeDialog extends JFXDialogLayout {
        setBody(new ProgressIndicator());

        String url = CHANGELOG_URL + remoteVersion.getChannel().channelName + ".html";
-        boolean isPreview = remoteVersion.isPreview();
-        Task.supplyAsync(Schedulers.io(), () -> {
-            Document document = Jsoup.parse(new URL(url), 30 * 1000);
-            String id = null;
-            Node node = null;
-            if (isPreview) {
-                id = "nowpreview";
-                node = document.selectFirst("#" + id);
-            }
-            if (node == null) {
-                id = "nowchange";
-                node = document.selectFirst("#" + id);
-            }

-            if (node == null || !"h1".equals(node.nodeName()))
-                throw new IOException("Cannot find current changelog in document");
+        Task.supplyAsync(Schedulers.io(), () -> {
+            VersionNumber targetVersion = VersionNumber.asVersion(remoteVersion.getVersion());
+            VersionNumber currentVersion = VersionNumber.asVersion(Metadata.VERSION);
+            if (targetVersion.compareTo(currentVersion) <= 0)
+                // Downgrade update, no need to display changelog
+                return null;
+
+            Document document = Jsoup.parse(new URL(url), 30 * 1000);
+            Node node = document.selectFirst("h1[data-version=\"%s\"]".formatted(targetVersion));
+
+            if (node == null || !"h1".equals(node.nodeName())) {
+                LOG.warning("Changelog not found");
+                return null;
+            }

            HTMLRenderer renderer = new HTMLRenderer(uri -> {
                LOG.info("Open link: " + uri);
@@ -71,8 +73,11 @@ public final class UpgradeDialog extends JFXDialogLayout {
            });

            do {
-                if ("h1".equals(node.nodeName()) && !id.equals(node.attr("id"))) {
-                    break;
+                if ("h1".equals(node.nodeName())) {
+                    String changelogVersion = node.attr("data-version");
+                    if (StringUtils.isBlank(changelogVersion) || currentVersion.compareTo(changelogVersion) >= 0) {
+                        break;
+                    }
                }
                renderer.appendNode(node);
                node = node.nextSibling();
@@ -82,10 +87,14 @@ public final class UpgradeDialog extends JFXDialogLayout {
            return renderer.render();
        }).whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (result, exception) -> {
            if (exception == null) {
-                ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane(result);
-                scrollPane.setFitToWidth(true);
-                FXUtils.smoothScrolling(scrollPane);
-                setBody(scrollPane);
+                if (result != null) {
+                    ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane(result);
+                    scrollPane.setFitToWidth(true);
+                    FXUtils.smoothScrolling(scrollPane);
+                    setBody(scrollPane);
+                } else {
+                    setBody();
+                }
            } else {
                LOG.warning("Failed to load update log, trying to open it in browser");
                FXUtils.openLink(url);
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.*;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.TaskCancellationAction;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

 import java.util.Optional;
@@ -86,18 +87,7 @@ public class TaskExecutorDialogPane extends BorderPane {
        });

        speedEventHandler = FetchTask.SPEED_EVENT.registerWeak(speedEvent -> {
-            String unit = "B/s";
-            double speed = speedEvent.getSpeed();
-            if (speed > 1024) {
-                speed /= 1024;
-                unit = "KiB/s";
-            }
-            if (speed > 1024) {
-                speed /= 1024;
-                unit = "MiB/s";
-            }
-
-            String message = String.format("%.1f %s", speed, unit);
+            String message = I18n.formatSpeed(speedEvent.getSpeed());
            Platform.runLater(() -> lblProgress.setText(message));
        });

@@ -64,8 +64,6 @@ public final class DecoratorAnimationProducer implements AnimationProducer {
                    new KeyValue(center.translateXProperty(), 30, Interpolator.EASE_BOTH)));
        }

-        keyFrames.add(new KeyFrame(Duration.ZERO,
-                new KeyValue(next.opacityProperty(), 0, Interpolator.EASE_BOTH)));
        keyFrames.add(new KeyFrame(halfDuration,
                new KeyValue(next.opacityProperty(), 0, Interpolator.EASE_BOTH)));
        keyFrames.add(new KeyFrame(handler.getDuration(),
@@ -138,8 +138,11 @@ public final class AboutPage extends StackPane {
                else if (obj.has("subtitleLocalized"))
                    item.setSubtitle(i18n(obj.get("subtitleLocalized").getAsString()));

-                if (obj.has("externalLink"))
-                    item.setExternalLink(obj.get("externalLink").getAsString());
+                if (obj.has("externalLink")) {
+                    String link = obj.get("externalLink").getAsString();
+                    item.setExternalLink(link);
+                    FXUtils.installFastTooltip(item.getExternalLinkButton(), link);
+                }

                componentList.getContent().add(item);
            }
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.ConfigHolder.config;
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.ConfigHolder.globalConfig;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;

 public class TerracottaControllerPage extends StackPane {
@@ -181,20 +182,31 @@ public class TerracottaControllerPage extends StackPane {
                download.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc"));
                download.setRightIcon(SVG.ARROW_FORWARD);
                FXUtils.onClicked(download, () -> {
-                    TerracottaState.Preparing s = TerracottaManager.install(null);
-                    if (s != null) {
-                        UI_STATE.set(s);
-                    }
-
-                    if (uninitialized.hasLegacy() && I18n.isUseChinese()) {
-                        Object feedback = config().getShownTips().get(FEEDBACK_TIP);
-                        if (!(feedback instanceof Number number) || number.intValue() < 1) {
-                            Controllers.confirm(i18n("terracotta.feedback.desc"), i18n("terracotta.feedback.title"), () -> {
-                                FXUtils.openLink(TerracottaMetadata.FEEDBACK_LINK);
-                                config().getShownTips().put(FEEDBACK_TIP, 1);
-                            }, () -> {
-                            });
+                    if (globalConfig().getTerracottaAgreementVersion() >= 1) {
+                        TerracottaState.Preparing s = TerracottaManager.install(null);
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s);
                        }
+
+                        if (uninitialized.hasLegacy() && I18n.isUseChinese()) {
+                            Object feedback = config().getShownTips().get(FEEDBACK_TIP);
+                            if (!(feedback instanceof Number number) || number.intValue() < 1) {
+                                Controllers.confirm(i18n("terracotta.feedback.desc"), i18n("terracotta.feedback.title"), () -> {
+                                    FXUtils.openLink(TerracottaMetadata.FEEDBACK_LINK);
+                                    config().getShownTips().put(FEEDBACK_TIP, 1);
+                                }, () -> {
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        Controllers.confirmWithCountdown(i18n("terracotta.confirm.desc"), i18n("terracotta.confirm.title"), 5, MessageDialogPane.MessageType.INFO, () -> {
+                            globalConfig().setTerracottaAgreementVersion(1);
+                            TerracottaState.Preparing s = TerracottaManager.install(null);
+                            if (s != null) {
+                                UI_STATE.set(s);
+                            }
+                        }, () -> {
+                        });
                    }
                });

@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.SVG;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.animation.ContainerAnimations;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.animation.TransitionPane;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.*;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.AdvancedListBox;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.PageAware;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.TabHeader;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.decorator.DecoratorAnimatedPage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.decorator.DecoratorPage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.main.MainPage;
@@ -41,12 +43,9 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.versions.Versions;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;

-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.ConfigHolder.globalConfig;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;

 public class TerracottaPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPage, PageAware {
-    private static final int TERRACOTTA_AGREEMENT_VERSION = 2;
-
    private final ReadOnlyObjectWrapper<State> state = new ReadOnlyObjectWrapper<>(State.fromTitle(i18n("terracotta.terracotta")));
    private final TabHeader tab;
    private final TabHeader.Tab<TerracottaControllerPage> statusPage = new TabHeader.Tab<>("statusPage");
@@ -100,12 +99,6 @@ public class TerracottaPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPa
    @Override
    public void onPageShown() {
        tab.onPageShown();
-
-        if (globalConfig().getTerracottaAgreementVersion() < TERRACOTTA_AGREEMENT_VERSION) {
-            Controllers.confirmWithCountdown(i18n("terracotta.confirm.desc"), i18n("terracotta.confirm.title"), 5, MessageDialogPane.MessageType.INFO, () -> {
-                globalConfig().setTerracottaAgreementVersion(TERRACOTTA_AGREEMENT_VERSION);
-            }, () -> fireEvent(new PageCloseEvent()));
-        }
    }

    @Override
@@ -11,18 +11,16 @@ import javafx.scene.control.Label;
 import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.*;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.NativesDirectoryType;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.Renderer;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Profile;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.Renderer;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.VersionSetting;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.*;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.decorator.DecoratorPage;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OperatingSystem;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.Platform;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

-import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Locale;

@@ -252,8 +250,8 @@ public final class AdvancedVersionSettingPage extends StackPane implements Decor
            if (versionSetting.getNativesDirType() == NativesDirectoryType.VERSION_FOLDER) {
                String nativesDirName = "natives-" + Platform.SYSTEM_PLATFORM;
                if (versionId == null) {
-                    return String.join(FileSystems.getDefault().getSeparator(),
-                            FileUtils.getAbsolutePath(profile.getRepository().getBaseDirectory().resolve("versions")),
+                    return String.format("%s/%s/%s",
+                            profile.getRepository().getBaseDirectory().resolve("versions").toAbsolutePath().normalize(),
                            i18n("settings.advanced.natives_directory.default.version_id"),
                            nativesDirName
                    );
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ final class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
            toolbarNormal.getChildren().setAll(
                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("button.refresh"), SVG.REFRESH, skinnable::refresh),
                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("mods.add"), SVG.ADD, skinnable::add),
-                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("folder.mod"), SVG.FOLDER_OPEN, skinnable::openModFolder),
+                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("button.reveal_dir"), SVG.FOLDER_OPEN, skinnable::openModFolder),
                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("mods.check_updates"), SVG.UPDATE, skinnable::checkUpdates),
                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("download"), SVG.DOWNLOAD, skinnable::download),
                    createToolbarButton2(i18n("search"), SVG.SEARCH, () -> changeToolbar(searchBar))
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import javafx.beans.property.*;
 import javafx.geometry.Insets;
 import javafx.geometry.Pos;
 import javafx.scene.Node;
-import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.Priority;
 import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
@@ -238,10 +237,6 @@ public class VersionPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPage
            super(control);

            {
-                BorderPane left = new BorderPane();
-                FXUtils.setLimitWidth(left, 200);
-                setLeft(left);
-
                AdvancedListItem versionSettingsItem = new AdvancedListItem();
                versionSettingsItem.getStyleClass().add("navigation-drawer-item");
                versionSettingsItem.setTitle(i18n("settings.game"));
@@ -112,7 +112,14 @@ public final class Versions {

        JFXButton deleteButton = new JFXButton(i18n("button.delete"));
        deleteButton.getStyleClass().add("dialog-error");
-        deleteButton.setOnAction(e -> profile.getRepository().removeVersionFromDisk(version));
+        deleteButton.setOnAction(e -> {
+            Task.supplyAsync(Schedulers.io(), () -> profile.getRepository().removeVersionFromDisk(version))
+                    .whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (result, exception) -> {
+                        if (exception != null || !Boolean.TRUE.equals(result)) {
+                            Controllers.dialog(i18n("version.manage.remove.failed"), i18n("message.error"), MessageDialogPane.MessageType.ERROR);
+                        }
+                    }).start();
+        });

        Controllers.confirmAction(message, i18n("message.warning"), MessageDialogPane.MessageType.WARNING, deleteButton);
    }
@@ -222,9 +229,14 @@ public final class Versions {

    private static boolean checkVersionForLaunching(Profile profile, String id) {
        if (id == null || !profile.getRepository().isLoaded() || !profile.getRepository().hasVersion(id)) {
-            Controllers.dialog(i18n("version.empty.launch"), i18n("launch.failed"), MessageDialogPane.MessageType.ERROR, () -> {
-                Controllers.navigate(Controllers.getDownloadPage());
-            });
+            JFXButton gotoDownload = new JFXButton(i18n("version.empty.launch.goto_download"));
+            gotoDownload.getStyleClass().add("dialog-accept");
+            gotoDownload.setOnAction(e -> Controllers.navigate(Controllers.getDownloadPage()));
+
+            Controllers.confirmAction(i18n("version.empty.launch"), i18n("launch.failed"),
+                    MessageDialogPane.MessageType.ERROR,
+                    gotoDownload,
+                    null);
            return false;
        } else {
            return true;
@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ public final class I18n {
        return getTranslator().formatDateTime(time);
    }

+    public static String formatSpeed(long bytes) {
+        return getTranslator().formatSpeed(bytes);
+    }
+
    public static String getDisplaySelfVersion(RemoteVersion version) {
        return getTranslator().getDisplayVersion(version);
    }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public final class MinecraftWiki {
    private static final Pattern SNAPSHOT_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[0-9]{2}w[0-9]{2}.+$");

    public static String getWikiLink(SupportedLocale locale, GameRemoteVersion version) {
-        String wikiVersion = StringUtils.removeSuffix(version.getSelfVersion(), "_unobfuscated");
+        String wikiVersion = version.getSelfVersion();
        var gameVersion = GameVersionNumber.asGameVersion(wikiVersion);

        if (locale.getLocale().getLanguage().equals("lzh")) {
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ public final class MinecraftWiki {
                if (SNAPSHOT_PATTERN.matcher(wikiVersion).matches()) {
                    if (wikiVersion.equals("22w13oneblockatatime"))
                        wikiVersion = "22w13oneBlockAtATime";
+                    else
+                        wikiVersion = StringUtils.removeSuffix(wikiVersion, "_unobfuscated");
                    return locale.i18n("wiki.version.game.snapshot", wikiVersion) + variantSuffix;
                }
            }
@@ -59,4 +59,13 @@ public class Translator {
        return formatter.format(time);
    }

+    public String formatSpeed(long bytes) {
+        if (bytes < 1024) {
+            return supportedLocale.i18n("download.speed.byte_per_second", bytes);
+        } else if (bytes < 1024 * 1024) {
+            return supportedLocale.i18n("download.speed.kibibyte_per_second", (double) bytes / 1024);
+        } else {
+            return supportedLocale.i18n("download.speed.megabyte_per_second", (double) bytes / (1024 * 1024));
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -23,25 +23,20 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.SupportedLocale;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.time.ZoneId;
-import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
 import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

 /// @author Glavo
 public class Translator_en_Qabs extends Translator {
-    private static final DateTimeFormatter BASE_FORMATTER = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("MMM d, yyyy, h:mm:ss a")
-            .withZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
+    private static final Map<Integer, Integer> MAPPER;

-    private static final Map<Integer, Integer> MAPPER = loadMap();
-
-    private static Map<Integer, Integer> loadMap() {
+    static {
        var map = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, Integer>();
-
        InputStream inputStream = Translator_en_Qabs.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/upside_down.txt");
        if (inputStream != null) {
            try (inputStream) {
@@ -62,7 +57,7 @@ public class Translator_en_Qabs extends Translator {
        } else {
            LOG.warning("upside_down.txt not found");
        }
-        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
+        MAPPER = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
    }

    public static String translate(String str) {
@@ -71,6 +66,8 @@ public class Translator_en_Qabs extends Translator {
        return builder.reverse().toString();
    }

+    private final SupportedLocale originalLocale = SupportedLocale.getLocale(Locale.ENGLISH);
+
    public Translator_en_Qabs(SupportedLocale locale) {
        super(locale);
    }
@@ -82,6 +79,11 @@ public class Translator_en_Qabs extends Translator {

    @Override
    public String formatDateTime(TemporalAccessor time) {
-        return translate(BASE_FORMATTER.format(time));
+        return translate(originalLocale.getTranslator().formatDateTime(time));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String formatSpeed(long bytes) {
+        return translate(originalLocale.getTranslator().formatSpeed(bytes));
    }
 }
@@ -186,6 +186,7 @@ button.export=Export
 button.no=No
 button.ok=OK
 button.ok.countdown=OK (%d)
+button.reveal_dir=Reveal
 button.refresh=Refresh
 button.remove=Remove
 button.remove.confirm=Are you sure you want to permanently remove it? This action cannot be undone!
@@ -359,6 +360,9 @@ download.javafx.notes=We are currently downloading dependencies for HMCL from th
   Note: If your download speed is too slow, you can try switching to another mirror.
 download.javafx.component=Downloading module "%s"
 download.javafx.prepare=Preparing to download
+download.speed.byte_per_second=%d B/s
+download.speed.kibibyte_per_second=%.1f KiB/s
+download.speed.megabyte_per_second=%.1f MiB/s

 exception.access_denied=HMCL is unable to access the file "%s". It may be locked by another process.\n\
   \n\
@@ -1055,7 +1059,7 @@ mods.category=Category
 mods.channel.alpha=Alpha
 mods.channel.beta=Beta
 mods.channel.release=Release
-mods.check_updates=Check for Updates
+mods.check_updates=Update
 mods.check_updates.current_version=Current Version
 mods.check_updates.empty=All mods are up-to-date
 mods.check_updates.failed_check=Failed to check for updates.
@@ -1437,8 +1441,8 @@ terracotta.status.uninitialized.update.title=Update Multiplayer Core (~ 8MiB)
 terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc=You legally promise to strictly abide by all laws and regulations of your country or region during the multiplayer process.
 terracotta.confirm.title=User Notice
 terracotta.confirm.desc=Terracotta is a third-party open source free software. Please provide feedback on any issues you encounter through the relevant channels during use.\n\
-  Terracotta uses P2P technology. After a successful connection, users in the room will connect directly to each other, and no third-party server will relay your traffic. The final multiplayer experience largely depends on the network conditions of the participants.\n\
-  During the entire multiplayer process, you must strictly comply with all laws and regulations of your country and region.
+  Terracotta is based on P2P, so that the final experience depends greatly on your network condition.\n\
+  You promise to strictly abide by all laws and regulations in your country or region when playing online.
 terracotta.status.preparing=Multiplayer Core: Downloading (DO NOT exit HMCL)
 terracotta.status.launching=Multiplayer Core: Initializing
 terracotta.status.unknown=Multiplayer Core: Initializing
@@ -1529,7 +1533,8 @@ version.name=Instance Name
 version.cannot_read=Failed to parse the game instance, installation cannot continue.
 version.empty=No Instances
 version.empty.add=Add new instance
-version.empty.launch=No available instances. Clicking "OK" will take you to the "Download" page.\n\nYou can also download the game or switch game directories via the "Download" or "All Instances" buttons on the HMCL homepage.
+version.empty.launch=No available instances.\nYou can go to the "Download" page to get the game, or switch the game directory in the "All Instances" page.
+version.empty.launch.goto_download=Go to Download Page
 version.empty.hint=There are no Minecraft instances here.\nYou can try switching to another game directory or clicking here to download one.
 version.game.all=All
 version.game.april_fools=April Fools
@@ -1564,6 +1569,7 @@ version.manage.redownload_assets_index=Update Game Assets
 version.manage.remove=Delete Instance
 version.manage.remove.confirm.trash=Are you sure you want to remove the instance "%1$s"? You can still find its files in your recycle bin by the name of "%2$s".
 version.manage.remove.confirm.independent=Since this instance is stored in an isolated directory, deleting it will also delete its saves and other data. Do you still want to delete the instance "%s"?
+version.manage.remove.failed=Failed to delete the instance. Some files might be in use.
 version.manage.remove_assets=Delete All Assets
 version.manage.remove_libraries=Delete All Libraries
 version.manage.rename=Rename Instance
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ button.export=Exportar
 button.no=No
 button.ok=Aceptar
 button.ok.countdown=Aceptar (%d)
+button.reveal_dir=Carpeta
 button.refresh=Refrescar
 button.remove=Eliminar
 button.remove.confirm=¿Estás seguro de que deseas eliminarlo de forma permanente? ¡Esta acción no se puede deshacer!
@@ -1061,7 +1062,7 @@ mods.category=Categoría
 mods.channel.alpha=Alpha
 mods.channel.beta=Beta
 mods.channel.release=Release
-mods.check_updates=Comprobar actualizaciones
+mods.check_updates=Actualizar
 mods.check_updates.current_version=Versión actual
 mods.check_updates.empty=Todos los mods están actualizados
 mods.check_updates.failed_check=No se ha podido comprobar si hay actualizaciones.
@@ -1452,7 +1453,6 @@ version.name=Nombre de instancia
 version.cannot_read=No se ha podido analizar la instancia del juego, la instalación no puede continuar.
 version.empty=No hay instancias
 version.empty.add=Añadir una instancia
-version.empty.launch=No hay instancias disponibles. Si haces clic en «Aceptar», accederás a la página «Descargar». También puedes descargar el juego o cambiar de directorio de juego con los botones «Descargar» o «Todas las instancias» de la página principal de HMCL.
 version.empty.hint=No hay instancias de Minecraft aquí.\nPuedes intentar cambiar a otro directorio del juego o hacer clic aquí para descargar una.
 version.game.all=Todos
 version.game.april_fools=Día de los Inocentes
@@ -929,7 +929,6 @@ version=ゲーム
 version.cannot_read=ゲームのバージョンが見つかりません。自動インストールを続行できません。
 version.empty=ゲームなし
 version.empty.add=起動構成を作成
-version.empty.launch=起動するバージョンがありません。ダウンロードページからバージョンをインストールしてください。
 version.empty.hint=インストールされているゲームバージョンはありません。新しいゲームをダウンロードするには、ここをクリックしてください。
 version.game.old=Old
 version.game.release=リリース
@@ -1240,7 +1240,6 @@ version.name=戲例之名
 version.cannot_read=不能閲戲例，無自裝矣
 version.empty=無游戲例
 version.empty.add=入引頁以裝戲
-version.empty.launch=無可啟者。擊「善」入「引」之頁。\n庶擊 HMCL 主頁之左「引」之鈕裝戲，抑更戲之案夾乎「例列」。
 version.empty.hint=無畢裝者。\n君且更他戲夾，抑擊斯以往戲之引頁。
 version.game.all=全覽
 version.game.april_fools=愚人節
@@ -360,6 +360,9 @@ download.javafx.notes=Скачивание зависимостей для ла
  Примечание: Если ваша скорость скачивания слишком низкая, вы можете попробовать переключиться на другое зеркало.
 download.javafx.component=Скачивание модуля «%s»
 download.javafx.prepare=Подготовка к скачиванию
+download.speed.byte_per_second=%d Б/сек
+download.speed.kibibyte_per_second=%.1f КиБ/сек
+download.speed.megabyte_per_second=%.1f МиБ/сек

 exception.access_denied=Лаунчер не может получить доступ к файлу «%s», возможно он занят другим процессом.\n\
  \n\
@@ -1440,7 +1443,6 @@ version.name=Название сборки
 version.cannot_read=Невозможно найти версию игры. Невозможно продолжить автоматическую установку.
 version.empty=Нет сборок
 version.empty.add=Установить новую сборок
-version.empty.launch=Нет доступных сборок. Нажав «ОК», вы перейдете на страницу «Скачать»\n\nВы также можете скачать игру или переключить директорию игры с помощью кнопок «Скачать» или «Все сборок» на главной странице HMCL.
 version.empty.hint=Нет сборок.\nВы можете попробовать перейти в другую папку с игрой или нажать здесь, чтобы скачать игру.
 version.game.all=Все
 version.game.april_fools=День смеха
@@ -356,6 +356,10 @@ download.javafx.notes=Ми зараз завантажуємо залежнос
   Примітка: Якщо ваша швидкість завантаження занадто повільна, ви можете спробувати переключитися на інше дзеркало.
 download.javafx.component=Завантаження модуля "%s"
 download.javafx.prepare=Підготовка до завантаження
+download.speed.byte_per_second=%d Б/сек
+download.speed.kibibyte_per_second=%.1f КiБ/сек
+download.speed.megabyte_per_second=%.1f МiБ/сек
+
 exception.access_denied=HMCL не може отримати доступ до файлу "%s". Можливо, він заблокований іншим процесом.\n\
   \n\
   Для користувачів Windows ви можете відкрити "Монітор ресурсів", щоб перевірити, чи не використовується він іншим процесом. Якщо так, ви можете спробувати знову після завершення цього процесу.\n\
@@ -1385,7 +1389,6 @@ version.name=Назва екземпляра
 version.cannot_read=Не вдалося розібрати екземпляр гри, встановлення не може продовжуватися.
 version.empty=Немає екземплярів
 version.empty.add=Додати новий екземпляр
-version.empty.launch=Немає доступних екземплярів. Натискання "ОК" перенесе вас на сторінку "Завантаження". Ви також можете завантажити гру або змінити ігрові каталоги через кнопки "Завантаження" або "Усі екземпляри" на головній сторінці HMCL.
 version.empty.hint=Тут немає екземплярів Minecraft. Ви можете спробувати переключитися на інший ігровий каталог або натиснути тут, щоб завантажити один.
 version.game.all=Усі
 version.game.april_fools=Перший квітня
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ button.export=匯出
 button.no=否
 button.ok=確定
 button.ok.countdown=確定 (%d)
+button.reveal_dir=開啟目錄
 button.refresh=重新整理
 button.remove=刪除
 button.remove.confirm=你確認要刪除嗎？該操作無法復原！
@@ -358,6 +359,9 @@ download.javafx=正在下載必要的執行時元件
 download.javafx.notes=正在透過網路下載 HMCL 必要的執行時元件。\n點擊「切換下載源」按鈕查看詳情以及選取下載源。點擊「取消」按鈕停止並退出。\n注意：如果下載速度過慢，請嘗試切換下載源。
 download.javafx.component=正在下載元件「%s」
 download.javafx.prepare=準備開始下載
+download.speed.byte_per_second=%d B/s
+download.speed.kibibyte_per_second=%.1f KiB/s
+download.speed.megabyte_per_second=%.1f MiB/s

 exception.access_denied=無法存取檔案「%s」。因為 HMCL 沒有對該檔案的訪問權限，或者該檔案已被其他程式開啟。\n\
  請你檢查目前作業系統帳戶是否能訪存取檔案，比如非管理員使用者可能不能訪問其他帳戶的個人目錄內的檔案。\n\
@@ -1225,8 +1229,8 @@ terracotta.status.uninitialized.update.title=更新聯機核心 (約 8MiB)
 terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc=您承諾，在多人聯機全過程中，您將嚴格遵守您所在國家或地區的全部法律法規
 terracotta.confirm.title=使用者須知
 terracotta.confirm.desc=陶瓦聯機是第三方開源自由軟體，您在使用過程中所遇到的問題請通過相關管道進行回饋。\n\
-  陶瓦聯機使用 P2P 技術，聯機成功後房間內用戶之間將直接連接，不會使用第三方伺服器對您的流量進行轉發。最終聯機體驗和參與聯機者的網路情況有較大關係。\n\
-  在多人聯機全過程中，您必須嚴格遵守您所在國家與地區的全部法律法規。
+  多人連線基於 p2p，最終線上體驗和您的網路情況有較大關係。\n\
+  您承諾，在多人連線全過程中，您將嚴格遵守您所在國家或地區的全部法律法規。
 terracotta.status.preparing=正在下載聯機核心 (請勿退出啟動器)
 terracotta.status.launching=正在初始化聯機核心
 terracotta.status.unknown=正在初始化聯機核心
@@ -1313,7 +1317,8 @@ version.name=遊戲實例名稱
 version.cannot_read=讀取遊戲實例失敗，無法進行自動安裝
 version.empty=沒有遊戲實例
 version.empty.add=進入下載頁安裝遊戲
-version.empty.launch=沒有可啟動的遊戲。點擊「確定」將進入「下載」頁面。\n你也可以點擊 HMCL 主介面左側的「下載」按鈕安裝遊戲，或在「實例清單」切換遊戲目錄。
+version.empty.launch=沒有可啟動的遊戲。\n你可以前往「下載」頁面下載新遊戲，或在「實例清單」切換遊戲目錄。
+version.empty.launch.goto_download=前往下載頁面
 version.empty.hint=沒有已安裝的遊戲。\n你可以切換其他遊戲目錄，或者點擊此處進入遊戲下載頁面。
 version.game.all=全部
 version.game.april_fools=愚人節
@@ -1348,6 +1353,7 @@ version.manage.redownload_assets_index=更新遊戲資源檔案
 version.manage.remove=刪除該實例
 version.manage.remove.confirm.trash=真的要刪除實例「%s」嗎? 你可以在系統的資源回收筒 (或垃圾桶) 中還原目錄「%s」來找回該實例。
 version.manage.remove.confirm.independent=由於該實例啟用了「(全域/實例特定) 遊戲設定 → 執行路徑 → 各實例獨立」設定，刪除該實例將導致該遊戲的存檔等資料一同被刪除！真的要刪除實例「%s」嗎?
+version.manage.remove.failed=刪除實例失敗。可能檔案被占用。
 version.manage.remove_assets=刪除所有遊戲資源檔案
 version.manage.remove_libraries=刪除所有支援庫檔案
 version.manage.rename=重新命名該實例
@@ -197,6 +197,7 @@ button.export=导出
 button.no=否
 button.ok=确定
 button.ok.countdown=确定 (%d)
+button.reveal_dir=打开文件夹
 button.refresh=刷新
 button.remove=删除
 button.remove.confirm=你确定要删除吗？此操作无法撤销！
@@ -366,6 +367,9 @@ download.javafx=正在下载必要的运行时组件……
 download.javafx.notes=正在通过网络下载 HMCL 必要的运行时组件。\n点击“切换下载源”按钮查看详情以及选择下载源。点击“取消”按钮停止并退出。\n注意：若下载速度过慢，请尝试切换下载源。
 download.javafx.component=正在下载模块“%s”
 download.javafx.prepare=准备开始下载
+download.speed.byte_per_second=%d B/s
+download.speed.kibibyte_per_second=%.1f KiB/s
+download.speed.megabyte_per_second=%.1f MiB/s

 exception.access_denied=无法访问文件“%s”。HMCL 没有对该文件的访问权限，或者该文件已被其他程序打开。\n\
  请你检查当前操作系统账户是否能访问该文件，比如非管理员用户可能无法访问其他账户的个人文件夹内的文件。\n\
@@ -1235,8 +1239,8 @@ terracotta.status.uninitialized.update.title=更新联机核心 (约 8MiB)
 terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc=您承诺，在多人联机全过程中，您将严格遵守您所在国家或地区的全部法律法规
 terracotta.confirm.title=用户须知
 terracotta.confirm.desc=陶瓦联机是第三方开源自由软件，您在使用过程中所遇到的问题请通过相关渠道进行反馈。\n\
-  陶瓦联机使用 P2P 技术，联机成功后房间内用户之间将直接连接，不会使用第三方服务器对您的流量进行转发。最终联机体验和参与联机者的网络情况有较大关系。\n\
-  在多人联机全过程中，您必须严格遵守您所在国家与地区的全部法律法规。
+  多人联机基于 p2p，最终联机体验和您的网络情况有较大关系。\n\
+  在多人联机全过程中，您将严格遵守您所在国家或地区的全部法律法规。
 terracotta.status.preparing=正在下载联机核心 (请勿退出启动器)
 terracotta.status.launching=正在初始化联机核心
 terracotta.status.unknown=正在初始化联机核心
@@ -1323,7 +1327,8 @@ version.name=游戏实例名称
 version.cannot_read=读取游戏实例失败，无法进行自动安装
 version.empty=没有游戏实例
 version.empty.add=进入下载页安装游戏
-version.empty.launch=没有可启动的游戏。点击“确定”将进入“下载”页面。\n你也可以点击 HMCL 主界面左侧的“下载”按钮安装游戏，或在“实例列表”切换游戏文件夹。
+version.empty.launch=没有可启动的游戏。\n你可以前往下载页面下载新游戏，或在“实例列表”中切换游戏文件夹。
+version.empty.launch.goto_download=前往下载页面
 version.empty.hint=没有已安装的游戏。\n你可以切换其他游戏文件夹，或者点击此处进入游戏下载页面。
 version.game.all=全部
 version.game.april_fools=愚人节
@@ -1358,6 +1363,7 @@ version.manage.redownload_assets_index=更新游戏资源文件
 version.manage.remove=删除该实例
 version.manage.remove.confirm.trash=真的要删除实例“%s”吗？你可以在系统的回收站中还原“%s”文件夹来找回该实例。
 version.manage.remove.confirm.independent=由于该游戏启用了“(全局/实例特定) 游戏设置 → 版本隔离 → 各实例独立”选项，删除该实例将导致该游戏的存档等数据一同被删除！真的要删除实例“%s”吗？
+version.manage.remove.failed=删除实例失败。可能文件被占用。
 version.manage.remove_assets=删除所有游戏资源文件
 version.manage.remove_libraries=删除所有库文件
 version.manage.rename=重命名该实例
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ gregic-skies;555;;Gregic Skies;;
 ;557;;齿轮颂歌：暮光;Gear Carol;
 pluma;558;;Pluma, a Journey to the Future!;;Pluma
 all-the-mods-7-to-the-sky;559;;All the Mods 7 - To the Sky;;ATM7S
-;560;;月见苍穹传说：大地演化;TskimiCanopyCraft: Terra Evolution;TSCC:TE
+;560;;月见苍穹传说;TskimiCanopyCraft;TSCC
 ;561;;最后的战役：劫后余生;The Last Stand:Aftermath;LSA/TLS
 ;562;;小猪配平;Peppa Pig's Burning Broom;2P2B
 zerblands-remastered;563;;Zerblands-Remastered;;
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ crop-block;632;;Crop Block;;
 ;634;;Technical Electrical;;
 cobblemon-forge;635;;Cobblemon Official Modpack;;
 sbeevs-industrial-revolution;636;;Sbeev's Industrial Revolution;;
-;637;;Gensokyo Reimagined QOL;;
+;637;;Gensokyo Reimagined QOL;;GR
 statech-industry;638;;StaTech Industry;;
 vault-hunters-1-18-2;639;;宝藏猎人3;Vault Hunters 3rd Edition;
 survival-hard-rock;640;;生存硬摇滚;Survival Hard Rock;
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ craftingcraft;800;;合成工艺;CraftingCraft;
 chemillas-reborn;804;;化学：重生;Chemilla's Reborn;CR
 ;805;;群峦传说·异世界行纪;Terra Firma Craft:Travel in Another World;TFC:TAW
 milkyway;806;;Create: Milkyway;;
-farming-crossing-4;807;;Farming Crossing 4;;
+farming-crossing-4;807;;农业森友会 4;Farming Crossing 4;
 hardrock-terrafirmacraft-4-realistic-extreme;808;;HardRock TerraFirmaCraft;;TFCH/HTFC
 terrafirma-rebirth;809;;群峦：重生;TerraFirma: Rebirth;TFCR
 create-live-5-skyblock;810;;Create Live 5;;
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ aeon-automata;881;;Aeon Automata;;AA
 ;882;;被恐惧支配2：收容失效;Dominated by Fear 2 Containment Breach;DoF2
 ;883;;剑拔弩张之时;;TC
 project-architect-2;884;;Project Architect 2;;
-;885;;路网通途 / 更好的我的世界铁路;Railway Network Access;RNA
+;885;;路网通途 / 接入铁路网络;Railway Network Access;RNA
 create-mekanized;886;;Create: Mekanized;;
 create-perfect-world-2;887;;Create: Perfect World 2;;
 create-stellar;888;;Create Stellar;;
@@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@ beyond-depth;1062;;Beyond Depth;;
 ;1064;;真幻世界;Realfantacy World;R.F.
 minenufactory;1065;;创世工厂;Minenufactory;MF
 craft-to-exile-2;1066;;放逐之路2;Craft to Exile 2 (VR Support);CTE2
-;1067;;龙境III：菌土重来;Dragon Odyssey:Return of the Fungal Earth;DO3
+;1067;;龙境III：菌土重来;Dragon Odyssey: Fungreda;DO3
 the-culinary-journey;1068;;美食的旅途;The Culinary Journey;TCJ
 ;1069;;缥缈方舟;;PMFZ
 ;1070;;东方匠魂传;Touhou Tinker Fantasy;TTF
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ roguelike-adventures-and-dungeons-3;1090;;冒险与地牢3;Roguelike Adventures
 ;1092;;玄理2：洗剪版;EnigTech 2 - Dishwasher's Cut;ET2DC
 wheelchair-gregtech;1093;;Wheelchair Gregtech;;
 egged-up;1094;;Egged Up;;
-;1095;;香草纪元：食旅纪行;VanillaEra: FaresChron;
+;1095;;香草纪元：食旅纪行;VanillaEra: FaresChron;VEFC
 ;1096;;愚者;The Fool;TF
 ;1097;;时间之书2：星梦指南;BookofTime II Stardream Compass;BKSC
 ;1098;;群峦之上：无垠伊土;EndlessFirma;EnF
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ endless-horror-the-ultimate-horror-modpack;1146;;Endless Horror - The ULTIMATE H
 picky;1148;;Picky;;
 resource-factory;1149;;资源工厂;Resource Factory;
 stacia-2-expert;1150;;Stacia 2 Expert;;S2E
-;1151;;田园乐事;;
+;1151;;田园乐事;Conutryside_Delight;
 ;1152;;世界之旅;Journey of the world;JOTW
 ;1153;;清新优化;Fresh optimization;FRO
 ;1154;;遗世之匠;Touhou：The Forgotten Swordsmith;
@@ -1159,8 +1159,7 @@ society-sunlit-valley;1176;;Society: Sunlit Valley;;
 ciscos-fantasy-medieval-rpg-dragonfyre;1177;;Cisco's Fantasy Medieval RPG [Dragonfyre];;
 all-the-mods-10-sky;1178;;All the Mods 10: To the Sky;;ATM10S
 ;1179;;谐伴匠途;;
-the-cursed-wanderer-reborn;1180;;咒游诸界：重生;The Cursed Wanderer: Reborn;TCWR
-;1181;;Turbo Vulkan;;TuVk
+;1181;;Turbo Vulkan;;TV
 uls-zsurvival-craft;1182;;Z-Liminex;;
 ;1183;;MITE 重生 3;MITE Reborn 3;MR
 reclamation-reclaim-the-world;1184;;Reclamation - Reclaim the World!;;
@@ -1179,3 +1178,49 @@ pvzw;1195;;植物大战僵尸：世界;Plants VS Zombies : World;PVZW
 new-century-adventure;1197;;新世纪之险;New Century Adventure;NCA
 repalmon;1198;;Re帕鲁梦;;RPLM
 structural-ingenuity;1199;;结构型奇思妙想;Structural Ingenuity;
+arcaneaxis-ars;1200;;秘法象限;ArcaneAxis;ARS
+gregtech-easy;1201;;格雷科技简单版;GregTech Easy;GTE
+;1202;;Creation Exploring the Road of;;CETR
+multiblockful-skies;1203;;Multiblockful Skies;;
+;1204;;刀剑物语;SwordStory;SS
+;1205;;无垠征途;The Unbounded Expedition;TUE
+;1206;;云栖谧土;Nephosia;
+custom-battleroyale-complete;1207;;完整自定义大逃杀;Custome BattleRoyale Complete;CBRC
+paradise-of-lucky-blocks;1208;;Paradise of Lucky Blocks;;
+;1209;;极致优化;Xavier Optimized;XO
+;1210;;神秘时代4花园;Thaumcraft IV Sky Islands;
+;1211;;弥散往生;Diffusion: Soulfare;
+mana-metal-new-horizons;1212;;魔法金屬：新視野;Mana Metal: New Horizons;M3NH
+farmy-skyblock;1213;;Farmy Skyblock;;
+bloody-skyblock-modpack;1214;;Bloody Skyblock;;
+starages;1215;;Star Space Ages;;
+create-spectral-cuisine;1216;;Create: Spectral Cuisine;;
+project-infinity-0-1;1217;;Project Infinity 0.1;;
+create-live-6;1218;;Create Live 6;;
+;1219;;全面包围-硬核惊变;Full encirclement;FLET
+;1220;;科波菲尔;Copperfield;CPF
+;1221;;试用核心/I.O.P的水槽基础整合;Trial Essential;
+tnp-limitless-8;1222;;TNP Limitless 8;;
+;1223;;重度机械症;Mechanomania;
+;1224;;寻此苦旅3;Per Aspera3;PA3
+calamity-rpg-iii-wounds-of-the-world;1225;;Calamity RPG III : Wounds of the World;;
+;1226;;烛枫公会优化整合包;;ZFGH
+legends-reborn-medieval;1227;;Legends Reborn: Medieval;;LRM
+;1228;;双衰变;;DEGENE
+nd-new-dawn;1229;;New Dawn;;ND
+;1230;;星遥优化;StarCarefree Optimized;SO
+;1231;;寄生仙途;;JSXT
+;1232;;神秘启旅;Thaum Journey;
+nightfallcraft-the-casket-of-reveries;1233;;远梦之棺;NightfallCraft - The Casket of Reveries;
+openworld-battleroyale;1234;;开放世界大逃杀;Openworld BattleRoyale;OBR
+;1235;;未尽之路;Unfinished Path;UP
+;1236;;命运齿轮;Fate's Machinery;FOM
+linggango;1237;;Linggango;;
+create-industrialized-tech;1238;;Create: Industrialized Tech;;
+;1239;;灵璟铁路都市;LingJing Train City;LJTC
+erstwhile-journey-2;1240;;往昔之旅2;Erstwhile Journey 2;EJ2
+;1241;;诡厄：使徒;;
+;1242;;时间之书 : 星之旅行-重制版;BookofTime StarTravel;BKSL
+cook-in-skyland-elegant-feast;1243;;天空厨房：典雅盛宴;Cook in Skyland Elegant Feast;CiS2
+ftb-stoneblock-4;1244;;FTB Stoneblock 4;;SB4
+techevdiscovery;1245;;TechEv || Discovery;;
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 {
-  "version_legacy": "0\\.3\\.([89]-rc\\.([0-9]|10)|(1[0-3]))",
+  "version_legacy": "0\\.3\\.([89]-rc\\.([0-9]|10)|10|11|12)",
  "version_recent": [
-    "0.3.13"
+    "0.3.12"
  ],
-  "version_latest": "0.3.14",
+  "version_latest": "0.3.13",
  "classifiers": {
-    "freebsd-x86_64": "sha256:ff8c50b701e55fde9701a1f7fbe9d7317b24087c28ca6337ba9d695c53ad499a",
-    "linux-arm64": "sha256:6912a14255cdeedee512244c686dd7f80dcc45d8dfbe129ea4ea3f1b22d3de60",
-    "linux-x86_64": "sha256:9b13f51dc41c5112f2ab163df5c0dccdff3d22deb793a6698c013e9c09badd00",
-    "linux-loongarch64": "sha256:729ca24ef643547b6a3917520ec3335b92e226ad1884c85d6bb6c2cfa917cb03",
-    "linux-riscv64": "sha256:afbd8cffeacc47431f18c3ae659f7a308e1d3f2efab0ab9c5ece5176d068bf30",
-    "macos-arm64": "sha256:9ed9c7a35b01dce440135c91e4a5e617d84f6c8ba13a117d13a2796dc69584f5",
-    "macos-arm64.pkg": "sha256:49dbebd608c4036c260f09d4005dedaacb26fc1582b10479ed51476baa48f4a9",
-    "macos-x86_64": "sha256:40a44703237b0a194b0fb18075e3b2361ace8f4319b60269cb56c5548d2afb3a",
-    "macos-x86_64.pkg": "sha256:95a9de782b9c3a352ae6ec702c2fc4ca34ba807e8e4a768e61902a0c78391332",
-    "windows-arm64.exe": "sha256:8428c6bc6228213c5f645ab3dd0f3b684da515be103ee53d5bdc4adf59fc8a5f",
-    "windows-x86_64.exe": "sha256:942b91888264e1c96a10b7c94bd134f4b10d3e352e3c731def0ff6a3069c8221"
+    "freebsd-x86_64": "sha256:0713e54ee552496416bda9d9e814e33a8950ca8f321f5b3c6dd2e07e79b0e3af",
+    "linux-arm64": "sha256:61affc46035337c182adeca3671b4cf4cc59c7b4e73039899f35416f7d00ad94",
+    "linux-x86_64": "sha256:9399e1627b77d518950e66d944c9a4b70c20d2e13ca2c0e2fed0ded637e7ae06",
+    "linux-loongarch64": "sha256:f3eb4c40dfccc25b5b355298c776abe3d399afb57a2af38803dd78089f0c182e",
+    "linux-riscv64": "sha256:26f95f8b5f83746c9cf9a8362ce0ef793ede8515897a1ba15e5e6f93c3d39533",
+    "macos-arm64": "sha256:35ba271c7dc924e91c2fdd8c1cabeff2ce3d060836748a7a07162b0a5900e8d5",
+    "macos-arm64.pkg": "sha256:90a613ec69f28713fe06188247c57b7cc91743c95112de5aed85ea252103beaa",
+    "macos-x86_64": "sha256:45b420b15a32d5450794a9776cf45a217871cf4333b29b65a35d7358c806b5b1",
+    "macos-x86_64.pkg": "sha256:587623becb3593ccb5fe542a201a67ab3a4029dfa847fcef758faff7ba6d38d5",
+    "windows-arm64.exe": "sha256:bd4e1acf2f304761cdabddd9ade94d046534f4c024bc3026ac98e6be58c2bc22",
+    "windows-x86_64.exe": "sha256:b89599bbcc92b00222cfc6f2e5ef636b7daf192c96efba1049a892e6cb59ee70"
  },
  "downloads": [
    "https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/download/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}"
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
- * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-package org.jackhuang.hmcl;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.net.URI;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.nio.file.Paths;
-import java.util.Locale;
-
-/// @author Glavo
-public final class DesktopUtils {
-    private static final String[] linuxBrowsers = {
-            "xdg-open",
-            "google-chrome",
-            "firefox",
-            "microsoft-edge",
-            "opera",
-            "konqueror",
-            "mozilla"
-    };
-
-    public static Path which(String command) {
-        String path = System.getenv("PATH");
-        if (path == null)
-            return null;
-
-        try {
-            for (String item : path.split(File.pathSeparator)) {
-                try {
-                    Path program = Paths.get(item, command);
-                    if (Files.isExecutable(program))
-                        return program.toRealPath();
-                } catch (Throwable ignored) {
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable ignored) {
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public static void openLink(String link) {
-        String osName = System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
-
-        Throwable e1 = null;
-        try {
-            if (osName.startsWith("windows")) {
-                Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]{"rundll32.exe", "url.dll,FileProtocolHandler", link});
-                return;
-            } else if (osName.startsWith("mac") || osName.startsWith("darwin")) {
-                Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]{"open", link});
-                return;
-            } else {
-                for (String browser : linuxBrowsers) {
-                    Path path = which(browser);
-                    if (path != null) {
-                        try {
-                            Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]{path.toString(), link});
-                            return;
-                        } catch (Throwable ignored) {
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                System.err.println("No known browser found");
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            e1 = e;
-        }
-
-        try {
-            java.awt.Desktop.getDesktop().browse(new URI(link));
-        } catch (Throwable e2) {
-            if (e1 != null)
-                e2.addSuppressed(e1);
-
-            e2.printStackTrace(System.err);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private DesktopUtils() {
-    }
-}
@@ -19,15 +19,11 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.SwingUtils;

-import javax.swing.*;
-import java.util.ResourceBundle;
-
 /**
 * @author Glavo
 */
 public final class Main {
    private static final int MINIMUM_JAVA_VERSION = 17;
-    private static final String DOWNLOAD_PAGE = "https://hmcl.huangyuhui.net/download/";

    private Main() {
    }
@@ -77,36 +73,14 @@ public final class Main {
        }
    }

-    static void showErrorAndExit(String[] args) {
-        SwingUtils.initLookAndFeel();
-
-        ResourceBundle resourceBundle = BootProperties.getResourceBundle();
-        String errorTitle = resourceBundle.getString("boot.message.error");
-
-        if (args.length > 0 && args[0].equals("--apply-to")) {
-            String errorMessage = resourceBundle.getString("boot.manual_update");
-            System.err.println(errorMessage);
-            int result = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(null, errorMessage, errorTitle, JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION,
-                    JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE, null, null, null);
-
-            if (result == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) {
-                System.out.println("Open " + DOWNLOAD_PAGE);
-                DesktopUtils.openLink(DOWNLOAD_PAGE);
-            }
-        } else {
-            String errorMessage = resourceBundle.getString("boot.unsupported_java_version");
-            System.err.println(errorMessage);
-            SwingUtils.showErrorDialog(errorMessage, errorTitle);
-        }
-
-        System.exit(1);
-    }
-
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
        if (getJavaFeatureVersion(System.getProperty("java.version")) >= MINIMUM_JAVA_VERSION) {
            EntryPoint.main(args);
        } else {
-            showErrorAndExit(args);
+            String errorMessage = BootProperties.getResourceBundle().getString("boot.unsupported_java_version");
+            System.err.println(errorMessage);
+            SwingUtils.showErrorDialog(errorMessage);
+            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
 }
@@ -40,26 +40,14 @@ public final class SwingUtils {
    }

    public static void showInfoDialog(Object message) {
-        showInfoDialog(message, "Info");
-    }
-
-    public static void showInfoDialog(Object message, String title) {
-        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, "Info", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
    }

    public static void showWarningDialog(Object message) {
-        showWarningDialog(message, "Warning");
-    }
-
-    public static void showWarningDialog(Object message, String title) {
-        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
+        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, "Warning", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
    }

    public static void showErrorDialog(Object message) {
-        showErrorDialog(message, "Error");
-    }
-
-    public static void showErrorDialog(Object message, String title) {
-        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, "Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }
 }
@@ -17,6 +17,3 @@
 #

 boot.unsupported_java_version=HMCL requires Java 17 or later to run, but still supports launching games with Java 6~16. Please install the latest version of Java and try opening HMCL again.\nYou can keep your old version of Java. HMCL can detect and manage multiple Java installations, and will automatically select the appropriate Java version for your game.
-boot.manual_update=HMCL cannot complete automatic updates in the current environment. Please download the latest version of HMCL manually.\nWould you like to go to the download page?
-
-boot.message.error=Error
@@ -17,6 +17,3 @@
 #

 boot.unsupported_java_version=HMCL 需要 Java 17 或更高版本才能运行，但依然支持使用 Java 6~16 启动游戏。请安装最新版本的 Java 再尝试启动 HMCL。\n你可以继续保留旧版本 Java。HMCL 能够识别与管理多个 Java，并会自动根据游戏版本为你选择合适的 Java。\n你可以访问 https://docs.hmcl.net/help.html 页面寻求帮助。
-boot.manual_update=HMCL 在当前环境无法完成自动更新，请手动下载最新版本的 HMCL。\n是否前往下载页面？
-
-boot.message.error=错误
@@ -17,6 +17,3 @@
 #

 boot.unsupported_java_version=HMCL 需要 Java 17 或更高版本才能執行，但依然支援使用 Java 6~16 啟動遊戲。請安裝最新版本的 Java 再嘗試開啟 HMCL。\n你可以繼續保留舊版本 Java。HMCL 能夠識別與管理多個 Java，並會自動根據遊戲版本為你選取合適的 Java。
-boot.manual_update=HMCL 在當前環境無法完成自動更新，請手動下載最新版本的 HMCL。\n是否前往下載頁面？
-
-boot.message.error=錯誤
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ public final class BMCLAPIDownloadProvider implements DownloadProvider {
                pair("https://authlib-injector.yushi.moe", apiRoot + "/mirrors/authlib-injector"),
                pair("https://repo1.maven.org/maven2", "https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/nexus/repository/maven-public"),
                pair("https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2", "https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/nexus/repository/maven-public"),
-                pair("https://hmcl.glavo.site/metadata/cleanroom", "https://alist.8mi.tech/d/mirror/HMCL-Metadata/Auto/cleanroom"),
-                pair("https://hmcl.glavo.site/metadata/fmllibs", "https://alist.8mi.tech/d/mirror/HMCL-Metadata/Auto/fmllibs"),
+                pair("https://hmcl-dev.github.io/metadata/cleanroom", "https://alist.8mi.tech/d/mirror/HMCL-Metadata/Auto/cleanroom"),
+                pair("https://hmcl-dev.github.io/metadata/fmllibs", "https://alist.8mi.tech/d/mirror/HMCL-Metadata/Auto/fmllibs"),
                pair("https://zkitefly.github.io/unlisted-versions-of-minecraft", "https://alist.8mi.tech/d/mirror/unlisted-versions-of-minecraft/Auto")
 //                // https://github.com/mcmod-info-mirror/mcim-rust-api
 //                pair("https://api.modrinth.com", "https://mod.mcimirror.top/modrinth"),
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ import java.util.Collections;

 public final class CleanroomVersionList extends VersionList<CleanroomRemoteVersion> {
    private final DownloadProvider downloadProvider;
-    private static final String LOADER_LIST_URL = "https://hmcl.glavo.site/metadata/cleanroom/index.json";
-    private static final String INSTALLER_URL = "https://hmcl.glavo.site/metadata/cleanroom/files/cleanroom-%s-installer.jar";
+    private static final String LOADER_LIST_URL = "https://hmcl-dev.github.io/metadata/cleanroom/index.json";
+    private static final String INSTALLER_URL = "https://hmcl-dev.github.io/metadata/cleanroom/files/cleanroom-%s-installer.jar";

    public CleanroomVersionList(DownloadProvider downloadProvider) {
        this.downloadProvider = downloadProvider;
@@ -96,5 +96,5 @@ public final class ForgeVersionList extends VersionList<ForgeRemoteVersion> {
                });
    }

-    public static final URI FORGE_LIST = URI.create("https://hmcl.glavo.site/metadata/forge/");
+    public static final URI FORGE_LIST = URI.create("https://hmcl-dev.github.io/metadata/forge/");
 }
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ public final class GameLibrariesTask extends Task<Void> {
                        Path file = libDir.resolve(fmlLib.name);
                        if (shouldDownloadFMLLib(fmlLib, file)) {
                            List<URI> uris = dependencyManager.getDownloadProvider()
-                                    .injectURLWithCandidates(fmlLib.downloadUrl());
+                                    .injectURLWithCandidates(fmlLib.getDownloadURI());
                            dependencies.add(new FileDownloadTask(uris, file)
                                    .withCounter("hmcl.install.libraries"));
                        }
@@ -193,12 +193,9 @@ public final class GameLibrariesTask extends Task<Void> {
        if (forgeVersion.startsWith("7.8.1.")) {
            return List.of(
                    new FMLLib("argo-small-3.2.jar", "58912ea2858d168c50781f956fa5b59f0f7c6b51"),
-                    new FMLLib("guava-14.0-rc3.jar", "931ae21fa8014c3ce686aaa621eae565fefb1a6a",
-                            "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/google/guava/guava/14.0-rc3/guava-14.0-rc3.jar"),
-                    new FMLLib("asm-all-4.1.jar", "054986e962b88d8660ae4566475658469595ef58",
-                            "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/ow2/asm/asm-all/4.1/asm-all-4.1.jar"),
-                    new FMLLib("bcprov-jdk15on-148.jar", "960dea7c9181ba0b17e8bab0c06a43f0a5f04e65",
-                            "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/bouncycastle/bcprov-jdk15on/1.48/bcprov-jdk15on-1.48.jar"),
+                    new FMLLib("guava-14.0-rc3.jar", "931ae21fa8014c3ce686aaa621eae565fefb1a6a"),
+                    new FMLLib("asm-all-4.1.jar", "054986e962b88d8660ae4566475658469595ef58"),
+                    new FMLLib("bcprov-jdk15on-148.jar", "960dea7c9181ba0b17e8bab0c06a43f0a5f04e65"),
                    new FMLLib("deobfuscation_data_1.5.2.zip", "446e55cd986582c70fcf12cb27bc00114c5adfd9"),
                    new FMLLib("scala-library.jar", "458d046151ad179c85429ed7420ffb1eaf6ddf85")
            );
@@ -207,9 +204,9 @@ public final class GameLibrariesTask extends Task<Void> {
        return null;
    }

-    private record FMLLib(String name, String sha1, String downloadUrl) {
-        FMLLib(String name, String sha1) {
-            this(name, sha1, "https://hmcl.glavo.site/metadata/fmllibs/" + name);
+    private record FMLLib(String name, String sha1) {
+        public String getDownloadURI() {
+            return "https://hmcl-dev.github.io/metadata/fmllibs/" + name;
        }
    }
 }
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.task;

+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
+
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

 public abstract class CompletableFutureTask<T> extends Task<T> {

@@ -29,18 +30,11 @@ public abstract class CompletableFutureTask<T> extends Task<T> {

    public abstract CompletableFuture<T> getFuture(TaskCompletableFuture executor);

-    protected static Throwable resolveException(Throwable e) {
-        if (e instanceof ExecutionException || e instanceof CompletionException)
-            return resolveException(e.getCause());
-        else
-            return e;
-    }
-
    public static class CustomException extends RuntimeException {}

    protected static CompletableFuture<Void> breakable(CompletableFuture<?> future) {
        return future.thenApplyAsync(unused1 -> (Void) null).exceptionally(throwable -> {
-            if (resolveException(throwable) instanceof CustomException) return null;
+            if (Lang.resolveException(throwable) instanceof CustomException) return null;
            else throw new CompletionException(throwable);
        });
    }
@@ -345,16 +345,11 @@ public abstract class Task<T> {
    }

    private final ReadOnlyStringWrapper message = new ReadOnlyStringWrapper(this, "message", null);
-    private final InvocationDispatcher<String> messageUpdate = InvocationDispatcher.runOn(Platform::runLater, message::set);

    public final ReadOnlyStringProperty messageProperty() {
        return message.getReadOnlyProperty();
    }

-    protected final void updateMessage(String newMessage) {
-        messageUpdate.accept(newMessage);
-    }
-
    public final T run() throws Exception {
        if (getSignificance().shouldLog())
            LOG.trace("Executing task: " + getName());
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util;

+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;

 /// When [#accept(T)] is called, this class invokes the handler on another thread.
@@ -28,6 +29,16 @@ import java.util.function.Consumer;
 /// @author yushijinhun
 public final class InvocationDispatcher<T> implements Consumer<T> {

+    private static final VarHandle PENDING_ARG_HANDLE;
+    static {
+        try {
+            PENDING_ARG_HANDLE = MethodHandles.lookup()
+                    .findVarHandle(InvocationDispatcher.class, "pendingArg", Holder.class);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
+        }
+    }
+
    /// @param executor The executor must dispatch all tasks to a single thread.
    public static <T> InvocationDispatcher<T> runOn(Executor executor, Consumer<T> action) {
        return new InvocationDispatcher<>(executor, action);
@@ -35,7 +46,10 @@ public final class InvocationDispatcher<T> implements Consumer<T> {

    private final Executor executor;
    private final Consumer<T> action;
-    private final AtomicReference<Holder<T>> pendingArg = new AtomicReference<>();
+
+    /// @see #PENDING_ARG_HANDLE
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile Holder<T> pendingArg;

    private InvocationDispatcher(Executor executor, Consumer<T> action) {
        this.executor = executor;
@@ -44,12 +58,15 @@ public final class InvocationDispatcher<T> implements Consumer<T> {

    @Override
    public void accept(T t) {
-        if (pendingArg.getAndSet(new Holder<>(t)) == null) {
+        if (PENDING_ARG_HANDLE.getAndSet(this, new Holder<>(t)) == null) {
            executor.execute(() -> {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                var holder = (Holder<T>) PENDING_ARG_HANDLE.getAndSet(this, (Holder<T>) null);
+
                // If the executor supports multiple underlying threads,
                // we need to add synchronization, but for now we can omit it :)
                // synchronized (InvocationDispatcher.this)
-                action.accept(pendingArg.getAndSet(null).value);
+                action.accept(holder.value);
            });
        }
    }
@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
- * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson;
-
-import com.google.gson.*;
-import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
-import javafx.beans.Observable;
-import javafx.beans.property.ListProperty;
-import javafx.beans.property.MapProperty;
-import javafx.beans.property.Property;
-import javafx.beans.property.SetProperty;
-import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
-import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
-import javafx.collections.ObservableMap;
-import javafx.collections.ObservableSet;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.TypeUtils;
-
-import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
-import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
-import java.lang.reflect.Field;
-import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
-import java.lang.reflect.Type;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Set;
-
-/// @author Glavo
-public abstract class ObservableField<T> {
-
-    public static <T> ObservableField<T> of(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup, Field field) {
-        String name;
-        List<String> alternateNames;
-
-        SerializedName serializedName = field.getAnnotation(SerializedName.class);
-        if (serializedName == null) {
-            name = field.getName();
-            alternateNames = List.of();
-        } else {
-            name = serializedName.value();
-            alternateNames = List.of(serializedName.alternate());
-        }
-
-        VarHandle varHandle;
-        try {
-            varHandle = lookup.unreflectVarHandle(field);
-        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
-        }
-
-        if (ObservableList.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
-            Type listType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), List.class);
-            if (!(listType instanceof ParameterizedType))
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the list type of " + field.getName());
-            return new CollectionField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, listType, listType);
-        } else if (ObservableSet.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
-            Type setType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), Set.class);
-            if (!(setType instanceof ParameterizedType))
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the set type of " + field.getName());
-
-            ParameterizedType listType = TypeUtils.newParameterizedTypeWithOwner(
-                    null,
-                    List.class,
-                    ((ParameterizedType) setType).getActualTypeArguments()[0]
-            );
-            return new CollectionField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, setType, listType);
-        } else if (ObservableMap.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
-            Type mapType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), Map.class);
-            if (!(mapType instanceof ParameterizedType))
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the map type of " + field.getName());
-            return new MapField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, mapType);
-        } else if (Property.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
-            Type propertyType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), Property.class);
-            if (!(propertyType instanceof ParameterizedType))
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the element type of " + field.getName());
-            Type elementType = ((ParameterizedType) propertyType).getActualTypeArguments()[0];
-            return new PropertyField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, elementType);
-        } else {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Field " + field.getName() + " is not a property or observable collection");
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected final String serializedName;
-    protected final List<String> alternateNames;
-    protected final VarHandle varHandle;
-
-    private ObservableField(String serializedName, List<String> alternateNames, VarHandle varHandle) {
-        this.serializedName = serializedName;
-        this.alternateNames = alternateNames;
-        this.varHandle = varHandle;
-    }
-
-    public String getSerializedName() {
-        return serializedName;
-    }
-
-    public List<String> getAlternateNames() {
-        return alternateNames;
-    }
-
-    public Observable get(T value) {
-        return (Observable) varHandle.get(value);
-    }
-
-    public abstract void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context);
-
-    public abstract void deserialize(T value, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context);
-
-    private static final class PropertyField<T> extends ObservableField<T> {
-        private final Type elementType;
-
-        PropertyField(String serializedName, List<String> alternate, VarHandle varHandle, Type elementType) {
-            super(serializedName, alternate, varHandle);
-            this.elementType = elementType;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context) {
-            Property<?> property = (Property<?>) get(value);
-
-            if (property instanceof RawPreservingProperty<?> rawPreserving) {
-                JsonElement rawJson = rawPreserving.getRawJson();
-                if (rawJson != null) {
-                    result.add(getSerializedName(), rawJson);
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-
-            JsonElement serialized = context.serialize(property.getValue(), elementType);
-            if (serialized != null && !serialized.isJsonNull())
-                result.add(getSerializedName(), serialized);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
-        public void deserialize(T value, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context) {
-            Property property = (Property) get(value);
-
-            try {
-                property.setValue(context.deserialize(element, elementType));
-            } catch (Throwable e) {
-                if (property instanceof RawPreservingProperty<?>) {
-                    ((RawPreservingProperty<?>) property).setRawJson(element);
-                } else {
-                    throw e;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static final class CollectionField<T> extends ObservableField<T> {
-        private final Type collectionType;
-
-        /// When deserializing a Set, we first deserialize it into a `List`, then put the elements into the Set.
-        private final Type listType;
-
-        CollectionField(String serializedName, List<String> alternate, VarHandle varHandle,
-                        Type collectionType, Type listType) {
-            super(serializedName, alternate, varHandle);
-            this.collectionType = collectionType;
-            this.listType = listType;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context) {
-            result.add(getSerializedName(), context.serialize(get(value), collectionType));
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
-        @Override
-        public void deserialize(T value, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context) {
-            List<?> deserialized = context.deserialize(element, listType);
-            Object fieldValue = get(value);
-
-            if (fieldValue instanceof ListProperty) {
-                ((ListProperty<Object>) fieldValue).set(FXCollections.observableList((List<Object>) deserialized));
-            } else if (fieldValue instanceof ObservableList) {
-                ((ObservableList<Object>) fieldValue).setAll(deserialized);
-            } else if (fieldValue instanceof SetProperty) {
-                ((SetProperty<Object>) fieldValue).set(FXCollections.observableSet(new HashSet<>(deserialized)));
-            } else if (fieldValue instanceof ObservableSet) {
-                ObservableSet<Object> set = (ObservableSet<Object>) fieldValue;
-                set.clear();
-                set.addAll(deserialized);
-            } else {
-                throw new JsonParseException("Unsupported field type: " + fieldValue.getClass());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static final class MapField<T> extends ObservableField<T> {
-        private final Type mapType;
-
-        MapField(String serializedName, List<String> alternate, VarHandle varHandle, Type mapType) {
-            super(serializedName, alternate, varHandle);
-            this.mapType = mapType;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context) {
-            result.add(getSerializedName(), context.serialize(get(value), mapType));
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
-        @Override
-        public void deserialize(T config, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context) {
-            Map<Object, Object> deserialized = context.deserialize(element, mapType);
-            ObservableMap<Object, Object> map = (ObservableMap<Object, Object>) varHandle.get(config);
-            if (map instanceof MapProperty<?, ?>)
-                ((MapProperty<Object, Object>) map).set(FXCollections.observableMap(deserialized));
-            else {
-                map.clear();
-                map.putAll(deserialized);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson;
+
+import com.google.gson.*;
+import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
+import javafx.beans.InvalidationListener;
+import javafx.beans.Observable;
+import javafx.beans.property.ListProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.MapProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.Property;
+import javafx.beans.property.SetProperty;
+import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableMap;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableSet;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.TypeUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.DirtyTracker;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.ObservableHelper;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/// Represents a settings object with multiple [Observable] fields.
+///
+/// All instance fields in this object, unless marked as `transient`, are considered observable fields.
+/// The field types should be subclasses of one of [javafx.beans.property.Property], [javafx.collections.ObservableList], [javafx.collections.ObservableSet], or [javafx.collections.ObservableMap].
+///
+/// This class implements the [Observable] interface.
+/// If any field in a settings object changes, all listeners installed via [#addListener(InvalidationListener)] will be triggered.
+///
+/// For each observable field, this object tracks whether it has been modified. When serializing, fields that have never been modified will not be serialized by default.
+///
+/// All subclasses of this class must call [#register()] once in their constructor.
+///
+/// @author Glavo
+public abstract class ObservableSetting implements Observable {
+
+    private static final ClassValue<List<? extends ObservableField<?>>> FIELDS = new ClassValue<>() {
+        @Override
+        protected List<? extends ObservableField<?>> computeValue(@NotNull Class<?> type) {
+            if (!ObservableSetting.class.isAssignableFrom(type))
+                throw new AssertionError("Type: " + type);
+
+            try {
+                var allFields = new ArrayList<ObservableField<?>>();
+
+                for (Class<?> current = type;
+                     current != ObservableSetting.class;
+                     current = current.getSuperclass()) {
+                    final MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.privateLookupIn(current, MethodHandles.lookup());
+
+                    Field[] fields = current.getDeclaredFields();
+                    for (Field field : fields) {
+                        int modifiers = field.getModifiers();
+                        if (Modifier.isTransient(modifiers) || Modifier.isStatic(modifiers))
+                            continue;
+
+                        allFields.add(ObservableField.of(lookup, field));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return allFields;
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    protected transient final ObservableHelper helper = new ObservableHelper(this);
+    protected transient final Map<String, JsonElement> unknownFields = new HashMap<>();
+    protected transient final DirtyTracker tracker = new DirtyTracker();
+
+    private boolean registered = false;
+
+    protected final void register() {
+        if (registered)
+            return;
+
+        registered = true;
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        var fields = (List<ObservableField<ObservableSetting>>) FIELDS.get(this.getClass());
+        for (var field : fields) {
+            Observable observable = field.get(this);
+            tracker.track(observable);
+            observable.addListener(helper);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addListener(InvalidationListener listener) {
+        helper.addListener(listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeListener(InvalidationListener listener) {
+        helper.removeListener(listener);
+    }
+
+    private static sealed abstract class ObservableField<T> {
+
+        public static <T> ObservableField<T> of(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup, Field field) {
+            String name;
+            List<String> alternateNames;
+
+            SerializedName serializedName = field.getAnnotation(SerializedName.class);
+            if (serializedName == null) {
+                name = field.getName();
+                alternateNames = List.of();
+            } else {
+                name = serializedName.value();
+                alternateNames = List.of(serializedName.alternate());
+            }
+
+            VarHandle varHandle;
+            try {
+                varHandle = lookup.unreflectVarHandle(field);
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
+            }
+
+            if (ObservableList.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
+                Type listType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), List.class);
+                if (!(listType instanceof ParameterizedType))
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the list type of " + field.getName());
+                return new CollectionField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, listType, listType);
+            } else if (ObservableSet.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
+                Type setType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), Set.class);
+                if (!(setType instanceof ParameterizedType))
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the set type of " + field.getName());
+
+                ParameterizedType listType = TypeUtils.newParameterizedTypeWithOwner(
+                        null,
+                        List.class,
+                        ((ParameterizedType) setType).getActualTypeArguments()[0]
+                );
+                return new CollectionField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, setType, listType);
+            } else if (ObservableMap.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
+                Type mapType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), Map.class);
+                if (!(mapType instanceof ParameterizedType))
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the map type of " + field.getName());
+                return new MapField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, mapType);
+            } else if (Property.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {
+                Type propertyType = TypeUtils.getSupertype(field.getGenericType(), field.getType(), Property.class);
+                if (!(propertyType instanceof ParameterizedType))
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot resolve the element type of " + field.getName());
+                Type elementType = ((ParameterizedType) propertyType).getActualTypeArguments()[0];
+                return new PropertyField<>(name, alternateNames, varHandle, elementType);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Field " + field.getName() + " is not a property or observable collection");
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected final String serializedName;
+        protected final List<String> alternateNames;
+        protected final VarHandle varHandle;
+
+        private ObservableField(String serializedName, List<String> alternateNames, VarHandle varHandle) {
+            this.serializedName = serializedName;
+            this.alternateNames = alternateNames;
+            this.varHandle = varHandle;
+        }
+
+        public String getSerializedName() {
+            return serializedName;
+        }
+
+        public List<String> getAlternateNames() {
+            return alternateNames;
+        }
+
+        public Observable get(T value) {
+            return (Observable) varHandle.get(value);
+        }
+
+        public abstract void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context);
+
+        public abstract void deserialize(T value, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context);
+
+        private static final class PropertyField<T> extends ObservableField<T> {
+            private final Type elementType;
+
+            PropertyField(String serializedName, List<String> alternate, VarHandle varHandle, Type elementType) {
+                super(serializedName, alternate, varHandle);
+                this.elementType = elementType;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context) {
+                Property<?> property = (Property<?>) get(value);
+
+                if (property instanceof RawPreservingProperty<?> rawPreserving) {
+                    JsonElement rawJson = rawPreserving.getRawJson();
+                    if (rawJson != null) {
+                        result.add(getSerializedName(), rawJson);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                JsonElement serialized = context.serialize(property.getValue(), elementType);
+                if (serialized != null && !serialized.isJsonNull())
+                    result.add(getSerializedName(), serialized);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
+            public void deserialize(T value, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context) {
+                Property property = (Property) get(value);
+
+                try {
+                    property.setValue(context.deserialize(element, elementType));
+                } catch (Throwable e) {
+                    if (property instanceof RawPreservingProperty<?>) {
+                        ((RawPreservingProperty<?>) property).setRawJson(element);
+                    } else {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static final class CollectionField<T> extends ObservableField<T> {
+            private final Type collectionType;
+
+            /// When deserializing a Set, we first deserialize it into a `List`, then put the elements into the Set.
+            private final Type listType;
+
+            CollectionField(String serializedName, List<String> alternate, VarHandle varHandle,
+                            Type collectionType, Type listType) {
+                super(serializedName, alternate, varHandle);
+                this.collectionType = collectionType;
+                this.listType = listType;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context) {
+                result.add(getSerializedName(), context.serialize(get(value), collectionType));
+            }
+
+            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+            @Override
+            public void deserialize(T value, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context) {
+                List<?> deserialized = context.deserialize(element, listType);
+                Object fieldValue = get(value);
+
+                if (fieldValue instanceof ListProperty) {
+                    ((ListProperty<Object>) fieldValue).set(FXCollections.observableList((List<Object>) deserialized));
+                } else if (fieldValue instanceof ObservableList) {
+                    ((ObservableList<Object>) fieldValue).setAll(deserialized);
+                } else if (fieldValue instanceof SetProperty) {
+                    ((SetProperty<Object>) fieldValue).set(FXCollections.observableSet(new HashSet<>(deserialized)));
+                } else if (fieldValue instanceof ObservableSet) {
+                    ObservableSet<Object> set = (ObservableSet<Object>) fieldValue;
+                    set.clear();
+                    set.addAll(deserialized);
+                } else {
+                    throw new JsonParseException("Unsupported field type: " + fieldValue.getClass());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static final class MapField<T> extends ObservableField<T> {
+            private final Type mapType;
+
+            MapField(String serializedName, List<String> alternate, VarHandle varHandle, Type mapType) {
+                super(serializedName, alternate, varHandle);
+                this.mapType = mapType;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void serialize(JsonObject result, T value, JsonSerializationContext context) {
+                result.add(getSerializedName(), context.serialize(get(value), mapType));
+            }
+
+            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+            @Override
+            public void deserialize(T config, JsonElement element, JsonDeserializationContext context) {
+                Map<Object, Object> deserialized = context.deserialize(element, mapType);
+                ObservableMap<Object, Object> map = (ObservableMap<Object, Object>) varHandle.get(config);
+                if (map instanceof MapProperty<?, ?>)
+                    ((MapProperty<Object, Object>) map).set(FXCollections.observableMap(deserialized));
+                else {
+                    map.clear();
+                    map.putAll(deserialized);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static abstract class Adapter<T extends ObservableSetting>
+            implements JsonSerializer<T>, JsonDeserializer<T> {
+
+        protected abstract T createInstance();
+
+        @Override
+        public JsonElement serialize(T setting, Type typeOfSrc, JsonSerializationContext context) {
+            if (setting == null)
+                return JsonNull.INSTANCE;
+
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            var fields = (List<ObservableField<T>>) FIELDS.get(setting.getClass());
+
+            JsonObject result = new JsonObject();
+            for (var field : fields) {
+                Observable observable = field.get(setting);
+                if (setting.tracker.isDirty(observable)) {
+                    field.serialize(result, setting, context);
+                }
+            }
+            setting.unknownFields.forEach(result::add);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public T deserialize(JsonElement json, Type typeOfT, JsonDeserializationContext context) throws JsonParseException {
+            if (json == null || json.isJsonNull())
+                return null;
+
+            if (!json.isJsonObject())
+                throw new JsonParseException("Config is not an object: " + json);
+
+            T setting = createInstance();
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            var fields = (List<ObservableField<T>>) FIELDS.get(setting.getClass());
+
+            var values = new LinkedHashMap<>(json.getAsJsonObject().asMap());
+            for (ObservableField<T> field : fields) {
+                JsonElement value = values.remove(field.getSerializedName());
+                if (value == null) {
+                    for (String alternateName : field.getAlternateNames()) {
+                        value = values.remove(alternateName);
+                        if (value != null)
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (value != null) {
+                    setting.tracker.markDirty(field.get(setting));
+                    field.deserialize(setting, value, context);
+                }
+            }
+
+            setting.unknownFields.putAll(values);
+            return setting;
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import javafx.beans.property.SimpleObjectProperty;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

 /// @author Glavo
+/// @see ObservableSetting
 public class RawPreservingObjectProperty<T> extends SimpleObjectProperty<T> implements RawPreservingProperty<T> {
    private JsonElement rawJson;

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import java.util.ResourceBundle;
 /// - For all Chinese locales, `zh-CN` is always added to the candidate list. If `zh-Hans` already exists in the candidate list,
 ///   `zh-CN` is inserted before `zh`; otherwise, it is inserted after `zh`.
 /// - For all Traditional Chinese locales, `zh-TW` is always added to the candidate list (before `zh`).
-/// - For all [supported][LocaleUtils#mapToISO2Language(String)] ISO 639-3 language code (such as `eng`, `zho`, `lzh`, etc.),
+/// - For all supported ISO 639-3 language code (such as `eng`, `zho`, `lzh`, etc.),
 ///  a candidate list with the language code replaced by the ISO 639-1 (Macro)language code is added to the end of the candidate list.
 ///
 /// @author Glavo
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;

-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.NativeUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OperatingSystem;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.windows.Kernel32;
@@ -29,6 +27,8 @@ import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Unmodifiable;

 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.time.Duration;
@@ -48,66 +48,74 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {

    public static final Locale SYSTEM_DEFAULT = Locale.getDefault();

+    public static final boolean IS_CHINA_MAINLAND = isChinaMainland();
+
+    private static boolean isChinaMainland() {
+        if ("Asia/Shanghai".equals(ZoneId.systemDefault().getId()))
+            return true;
+
+        // Check if the time zone is UTC+8
+        if (ZonedDateTime.now().getOffset().getTotalSeconds() == Duration.ofHours(8).toSeconds()) {
+            if ("CN".equals(LocaleUtils.SYSTEM_DEFAULT.getCountry()))
+                return true;
+
+            if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.WINDOWS && NativeUtils.USE_JNA) {
+                Kernel32 kernel32 = Kernel32.INSTANCE;
+
+                // https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/intl/table-of-geographical-locations
+                if (kernel32 != null && kernel32.GetUserGeoID(WinConstants.GEOCLASS_NATION) == 45) // China
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
    public static final Locale LOCALE_ZH_HANS = Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-Hans");
    public static final Locale LOCALE_ZH_HANT = Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-Hant");

    public static final String DEFAULT_LANGUAGE_KEY = "default";

-    private static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent = new HashMap<>();
-    private static final Map<String, String> iso3To2 = new HashMap<>();
-    private static final Set<String> rtl = new HashSet<>();
+    private static final Map<String, String> PARENT_LANGUAGE = loadCSV("sublanguages.csv");
+    private static final Map<String, String> NORMALIZED_TAG = loadCSV("language_aliases.csv");
+    private static final Map<String, String> DEFAULT_SCRIPT = loadCSV("default_script.csv");
+    private static final Map<String, String> PREFERRED_LANGUAGE = Map.of("zh", "cmn");
+    private static final Set<String> RTL_SCRIPTS = Set.of("Qabs", "Arab", "Hebr");
+    private static final Set<String> CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS = Set.of("TW", "HK", "MO");

-    static {
-        try {
-            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv")).lines())) {
-                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                String[] languages = line.split(",");
-                if (languages.length < 2) {
-                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                String parent = languages[0];
-                for (int i = 1; i < languages.length; i++) {
-                    subLanguageToParent.put(languages[i], parent);
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to load sublanguages.csv", e);
+    /// Load CSV files located in `/assets/lang/`.
+    /// Each line in these files contains at least two elements.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if a file contains `value0,value1,value2`, the return value will be `{value1=value0, value2=value0}`.
+    private static Map<String, String> loadCSV(String fileName) {
+        InputStream resource = LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/" + fileName);
+        if (resource == null) {
+            LOG.warning("Can't find file: " + fileName);
+            return Map.of();
        }

-        try {
-            // Line Format: (?<iso2>[a-z]{2}),(?<iso3>[a-z]{3})
-            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/iso_languages.csv")).lines())) {
-                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
-                    continue;
+        HashMap<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();
+        try (resource) {
+            new String(resource.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines().forEach(line -> {
+                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank())
+                    return;
+
+                String[] items = line.split(",");
+                if (items.length < 2) {
+                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in " + fileName + ": " + line);
+                    return;
                }

-                String[] parts = line.split(",", 3);
-                if (parts.length != 2) {
-                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in iso_languages.csv: " + line);
-                    continue;
+                String parent = items[0];
+                for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
+                    result.put(items[i], parent);
                }
-
-                iso3To2.put(parts[1], parts[0]);
-            }
+            });
        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to load iso_languages.csv", e);
+            LOG.warning("Failed to load " + fileName, e);
        }

-        try {
-            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/rtl.txt")).lines())) {
-                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                rtl.add(line.trim());
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to load rtl.txt", e);
-        }
+        return Map.copyOf(result);
    }

    private static Locale getInstance(String language, String script, String region,
@@ -130,6 +138,31 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
                : locale.stripExtensions().toLanguageTag();
    }

+    public static boolean isEnglish(Locale locale) {
+        return "en".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isChinese(Locale locale) {
+        return "zh".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
+    }
+
+    // ---
+
+    /// Normalize the language code to the code in the IANA Language Subtag Registry.
+    /// Typically, it normalizes ISO 639 alpha-3 codes to ISO 639 alpha-2 codes.
+    public static @NotNull String normalizeLanguage(String language) {
+        return language.isEmpty()
+                ? "en"
+                : NORMALIZED_TAG.getOrDefault(language, language);
+    }
+
+    /// If `language` is a sublanguage of a [macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage),
+    /// return the macrolanguage; otherwise, return `null`.
+    public static @Nullable String getParentLanguage(String language) {
+        return PARENT_LANGUAGE.get(language);
+    }
+
+    /// @see #getRootLanguage(String)
    public static @NotNull String getRootLanguage(Locale locale) {
        return getRootLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
    }
@@ -140,54 +173,54 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
    /// - If `language` is empty, return `en`;
    /// - Otherwise, return the `language`.
    public static @NotNull String getRootLanguage(String language) {
-        if (language.isEmpty()) return "en";
-        if (language.length() <= 2)
-            return language;
-
-        String iso2 = mapToISO2Language(language);
-        if (iso2 != null)
-            return iso2;
+        language = normalizeLanguage(language);

        String parent = getParentLanguage(language);
        return parent != null ? parent : language;
    }

+    /// If `language` is a macrolanguage, try to map it to the most commonly used individual language.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if `language` is `zh`, this method will return `cmn`.
+    public static @NotNull String getPreferredLanguage(String language) {
+        language = normalizeLanguage(language);
+        return PREFERRED_LANGUAGE.getOrDefault(language, language);
+    }
+
    /// Get the script of the locale. If the script is empty and the language is Chinese,
    /// the script will be inferred based on the language, the region and the variant.
    public static @NotNull String getScript(Locale locale) {
        if (locale.getScript().isEmpty()) {
-            if (isEnglish(locale)) {
-                if ("UD".equals(locale.getCountry())) {
-                    return "Qabs";
-                }
+            if (!locale.getVariant().isEmpty()) {
+                String script = DEFAULT_SCRIPT.get(locale.getVariant());
+                if (script != null)
+                    return script;
            }

-            if (isChinese(locale)) {
-                if (CHINESE_LATN_VARIANTS.contains(locale.getVariant()))
-                    return "Latn";
-                if (locale.getLanguage().equals("lzh") || CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS.contains(locale.getCountry()))
-                    return "Hant";
-                else
-                    return "Hans";
+            if ("UD".equals(locale.getCountry())) {
+                return "Qabs";
            }
+
+            String script = DEFAULT_SCRIPT.get(normalizeLanguage(locale.getLanguage()));
+            if (script != null)
+                return script;
+
+            if (isChinese(locale)) {
+                return CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS.contains(locale.getCountry())
+                        ? "Hant"
+                        : "Hans";
+            }
+
+            return "";
        }

        return locale.getScript();
    }

    public static @NotNull TextDirection getTextDirection(Locale locale) {
-        TextDirection direction = rtl.contains(getRootLanguage(locale))
+        return RTL_SCRIPTS.contains(getScript(locale))
                ? TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT
                : TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT;
-
-        if ("Qabs".equals(getScript(locale))) {
-            direction = switch (direction) {
-                case RIGHT_TO_LEFT -> TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT;
-                case LEFT_TO_RIGHT -> TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT;
-            };
-        }
-
-        return direction;
    }

    private static final ConcurrentMap<Locale, List<Locale>> CANDIDATE_LOCALES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
@@ -196,13 +229,8 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
        return CANDIDATE_LOCALES.computeIfAbsent(locale, LocaleUtils::createCandidateLocaleList);
    }

-    // -------------
-
    private static List<Locale> createCandidateLocaleList(Locale locale) {
-        String language = locale.getLanguage();
-        if (language.isEmpty())
-            return List.of(Locale.ENGLISH, Locale.ROOT);
-
+        String language = getPreferredLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
        String script = getScript(locale);
        String region = locale.getCountry();
        List<String> variants = locale.getVariant().isEmpty()
@@ -211,18 +239,7 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {

        ArrayList<Locale> result = new ArrayList<>();
        do {
-            String currentLanguage;
-
-            if (language.length() <= 2) {
-                currentLanguage = language;
-            } else {
-                String iso2 = mapToISO2Language(language);
-                currentLanguage = iso2 != null
-                        ? iso2
-                        : language;
-            }
-
-            addCandidateLocales(result, currentLanguage, script, region, variants);
+            addCandidateLocales(result, language, script, region, variants);
        } while ((language = getParentLanguage(language)) != null);

        result.add(Locale.ROOT);
@@ -367,54 +384,6 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
        return Map.of();
    }

-    // ---
-
-    /// Map ISO 639 alpha-3 language codes to ISO 639 alpha-2 language codes.
-    /// Returns `null` if there is no corresponding ISO 639 alpha-2 language code.
-    public static @Nullable String mapToISO2Language(String iso3Language) {
-        return iso3To2.get(iso3Language);
-    }
-
-    /// If `language` is a sublanguage of a [macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage),
-    /// return the macrolanguage; otherwise, return `null`.
-    public static @Nullable String getParentLanguage(String language) {
-        return subLanguageToParent.get(language);
-    }
-
-    public static boolean isEnglish(Locale locale) {
-        return "en".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
-    }
-
-    public static final Set<String> CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS = Set.of("TW", "HK", "MO");
-    public static final Set<String> CHINESE_LATN_VARIANTS = Set.of("pinyin", "wadegile", "tongyong");
-
-    public static boolean isChinese(Locale locale) {
-        return "zh".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
-    }
-
-    public static final boolean IS_CHINA_MAINLAND = isChinaMainland();
-
-    private static boolean isChinaMainland() {
-        if ("Asia/Shanghai".equals(ZoneId.systemDefault().getId()))
-            return true;
-
-        // Check if the time zone is UTC+8
-        if (ZonedDateTime.now().getOffset().getTotalSeconds() == Duration.ofHours(8).toSeconds()) {
-            if ("CN".equals(LocaleUtils.SYSTEM_DEFAULT.getCountry()))
-                return true;
-
-            if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.WINDOWS && NativeUtils.USE_JNA) {
-                Kernel32 kernel32 = Kernel32.INSTANCE;
-
-                // https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/intl/table-of-geographical-locations
-                if (kernel32 != null && kernel32.GetUserGeoID(WinConstants.GEOCLASS_NATION) == 45) // China
-                    return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
    private LocaleUtils() {
    }
 }
@@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ public final class NetworkUtils {
        }
        connection.setConnectTimeout(TIME_OUT);
        connection.setReadTimeout(TIME_OUT);
-        if (connection instanceof HttpURLConnection) {
-            var httpConnection = (HttpURLConnection) connection;
+        if (connection instanceof HttpURLConnection httpConnection) {
            httpConnection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", Locale.getDefault().toLanguageTag());
            httpConnection.setInstanceFollowRedirects(false);
        }
@@ -276,7 +275,11 @@ public final class NetworkUtils {
    }

    public static String doGet(URI uri) throws IOException {
-        return readFullyAsString(resolveConnection(createHttpConnection(uri)));
+        URLConnection connection = createConnection(uri);
+        if (connection instanceof HttpURLConnection httpURLConnection) {
+            connection = resolveConnection(httpURLConnection);
+        }
+        return readFullyAsString(connection);
    }

    public static String doGet(List<URI> uris) throws IOException {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.KeyValuePairUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.windows.Kernel32;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.windows.WinTypes;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.windows.WinReg;

 import java.io.BufferedReader;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -150,13 +150,35 @@ public enum OperatingSystem {
            OSVersion.Windows windowsVersion = null;

            Kernel32 kernel32 = Kernel32.INSTANCE;
+            WinReg reg = WinReg.INSTANCE;
+
            // Get Windows version number
-            if (kernel32 != null) {
-                WinTypes.OSVERSIONINFOEXW osVersionInfo = new WinTypes.OSVERSIONINFOEXW();
-                if (kernel32.GetVersionExW(osVersionInfo)) {
-                    windowsVersion = new OSVersion.Windows(osVersionInfo.dwMajorVersion, osVersionInfo.dwMinorVersion, osVersionInfo.dwBuildNumber);
-                } else
-                    System.err.println("Failed to obtain OS version number (" + kernel32.GetLastError() + ")");
+            if (reg != null) {
+                var baseVersion = OSVersion.Windows.parse(System.getProperty("os.version"));
+                int majorVersion = baseVersion.major();
+                int minorVersion = baseVersion.minor();
+                int buildNumber = baseVersion.build();
+                int revision = baseVersion.revision();
+
+                Object currentBuild = reg.queryValue(WinReg.HKEY.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+                        "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion", "CurrentBuild");
+                if (currentBuild instanceof String currentBuildStr) {
+                    try {
+                        buildNumber = Integer.parseInt(currentBuildStr);
+                    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                        System.err.println("Invalid Windows build number: " + currentBuildStr);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (majorVersion >= 10) {
+                    Object ubr = reg.queryValue(WinReg.HKEY.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+                            "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion", "UBR");
+
+                    if (ubr instanceof Integer ubrValue)
+                        revision = ubrValue;
+                }
+
+                windowsVersion = new OSVersion.Windows(majorVersion, minorVersion, buildNumber, revision);
            }

            if (windowsVersion == null) {
@@ -201,6 +223,16 @@ public enum OperatingSystem {
            if (osName.equals("Windows 10") && windowsVersion.isAtLeast(OSVersion.WINDOWS_11))
                osName = "Windows 11";

+            if (windowsVersion.isAtLeast(OSVersion.WINDOWS_10) && reg != null) {
+                Object displayVersion = reg.queryValue(WinReg.HKEY.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+                        "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion", "DisplayVersion");
+
+                if (displayVersion instanceof String displayVersionStr
+                        && displayVersionStr.matches("\\d{2}H\\d")) {
+                    osName = osName + " " + displayVersionStr;
+                }
+            }
+
            SYSTEM_NAME = osName;
            SYSTEM_VERSION = windowsVersion;
            SYSTEM_BUILD_NUMBER = windowsVersion.build();
@@ -1,32 +1,11 @@
 {
  "versions": [
-    {
-      "id": "1.21.11-pre2_unobfuscated",
-      "type": "unobfuscated",
-      "url": "https://piston-meta.mojang.com/v1/packages/2955ce0af0512fdfe53ff0740b017344acf6f397/1.21.11-pre2_unobfuscated.json",
-      "time": "2025-11-21T12:07:21+00:00",
-      "releaseTime": "2025-11-21T12:07:21+00:00"
-    },
-    {
-      "id": "1.21.11-pre1_unobfuscated",
-      "type": "unobfuscated",
-      "url": "https://piston-meta.mojang.com/v1/packages/9c267f8dda2728bae55201a753cdd07b584709f1/1.21.11-pre1_unobfuscated.json",
-      "time": "2025-11-19T08:30:46+00:00",
-      "releaseTime": "2025-11-19T08:30:46+00:00"
-    },
-    {
-      "id": "25w46a_unobfuscated",
-      "type": "unobfuscated",
-      "url": "https://piston-meta.mojang.com/v1/packages/314ade2afeada364047798e163ef8e82427c69e1/25w46a_unobfuscated.json",
-      "time": "2025-11-11T13:20:54+00:00",
-      "releaseTime": "2025-11-11T13:20:54+00:00"
-    },
    {
      "id": "25w45a_unobfuscated",
-      "type": "unobfuscated",
+      "type" : "unobfuscated",
      "url": "https://piston-meta.mojang.com/v1/packages/7a3c149f148b6aa5ac3af48c4f701adea7e5b615/25w45a_unobfuscated.json",
-      "time": "2025-11-04T14:07:08+00:00",
-      "releaseTime": "2025-11-04T14:07:08+00:00"
+      "time" : "2025-11-04T14:07:08+00:00",
+      "releaseTime" : "2025-11-04T14:07:08+00:00"
    },
    {
      "id": "1.19_deep_dark_experimental_snapshot-1",
@@ -854,10 +854,4 @@
 25w43a
 25w44a
 25w45a
-25w45a_unobfuscated
-25w46a
-25w46a_unobfuscated
-1.21.11-pre1
-1.21.11-pre1_unobfuscated
-1.21.11-pre2
-1.21.11-pre2_unobfuscated
+25w45a_unobfuscated
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Arab,ar,fa,ps,ur
+Armn,hy
+Beng,as,bn
+Blis,zbl
+Cyrl,ab,be,bg,kk,mk,ru,uk
+Deva,hi,mr,ne,kok,mai
+Ethi,am,ti
+Geor,ka
+Grek,el
+Gujr,gu
+Guru,pa
+Hant,lzh
+Hebr,he,yi
+Jpan,ja
+Khmr,km
+Knda,kn
+Kore,ko
+Laoo,lo
+Latn,af,ay,bs,ca,ch,cs,cy,da,de,en,eo,es,et,eu,fi,fj,fo,fr,fy,ga,gl,gn,gv,hr,ht,hu,id,is,it,kl,la,lb,ln,lt,lv,mg,mh,ms,mt,na,nb,nd,nl,nn,no,nr,ny,om,pl,pt,qu,rm,rn,ro,rw,sg,sk,sl,sm,so,sq,ss,st,sv,sw,tl,tn,to,tr,ts,ve,vi,xh,zu,dsb,frr,frs,gsw,hsb,men,nds,niu,nso,tem,tkl,tmh,tpi,tvl,tailo,pinyin,hepburn,pehoeji,tongyong,wadegile
+Mlym,ml
+Mymr,my
+Nkoo,nqo
+Orya,or
+Sinh,si
+Taml,ta
+Telu,te
+Thaa,dv
+Thai,th
+Tibt,dz
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ io,ido
 is,isl
 it,ita
 iu,iku
-iw,heb
 ja,jpn
 ji,yid
 jv,jav
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-ar
-fa
-he
-ps
-ur
-yi
@@ -1 +1,63 @@
-zh,cdo,cjy,cmn,cnp,cpx,csp,czh,czo,gan,hak,hnm,hsn,luh,lzh,mnp,nan,sjc,wuu,yue
+ak,tw,fat
+ar,aao,abh,abv,acm,acq,acw,acx,acy,adf,aeb,aec,afb,apc,apd,arb,arq,ars,ary,arz,auz,avl,ayh,ayl,ayn,ayp,pga,shu,ssh
+ay,ayc,ayr
+az,azb,azj
+cr,crj,crk,crl,crm,csw,cwd
+et,ekk,vro
+fa,pes,prs
+ff,ffm,fub,fuc,fue,fuf,fuh,fui,fuq,fuv
+gn,gnw,gug,gui,gun,nhd
+ik,esi,esk
+iu,ike,ikt
+kg,kng,kwy,ldi
+kr,kby,knc,krt
+ku,ckb,kmr,sdh
+kv,koi,kpv
+lv,ltg,lvs
+mg,bhr,bmm,bzc,msh,plt,skg,tdx,tkg,txy,xmv,xmw
+mn,khk,mvf
+ms,id,bjn,btj,bve,bvu,coa,dup,hji,jak,jax,kvb,kvr,kxd,lce,lcf,liw,max,meo,mfa,mfb,min,mqg,msi,mui,orn,ors,pel,pse,tmw,urk,vkk,vkt,xmm,zlm,zmi,zsm
+ne,dty,npi
+no,nb,nn
+oj,ciw,ojb,ojc,ojg,ojs,ojw,otw
+om,gax,gaz,hae,orc
+or,ory,spv
+ps,pbt,pbu,pst
+qu,qub,qud,quf,qug,quh,quk,qul,qup,qur,qus,quw,qux,quy,quz,qva,qvc,qve,qvh,qvi,qvj,qvl,qvm,qvn,qvo,qvp,qvs,qvw,qvz,qwa,qwc,qwh,qws,qxa,qxc,qxh,qxl,qxn,qxo,qxp,qxr,qxt,qxu,qxw
+sa,cls,vsn
+sc,sdc,sdn,src,sro
+sh,bs,hr,sr,cnr
+sq,aae,aat,aln,als
+sw,swc,swh
+uz,uzn,uzs
+yi,ydd,yih
+za,zch,zeh,zgb,zgm,zgn,zhd,zhn,zlj,zln,zlq,zqe,zyb,zyg,zyj,zyn,zzj
+zh,cdo,cjy,cmn,cnp,cpx,csp,czh,czo,gan,hak,hnm,hsn,luh,lzh,mnp,nan,sjc,wuu,yue
+bal,bcc,bgn,bgp
+bik,bcl,bln,bto,cts,fbl,lbl,rbl,ubl
+bnc,ebk,lbk,obk,rbk,vbk
+bua,bxm,bxr,bxu
+chm,mhr,mrj
+del,umu,unm
+den,scs,xsl
+din,dib,dik,dip,diw,dks
+doi,dgo,xnr
+gba,bdt,gbp,gbq,gmm,gso,gya
+gon,esg,gno,wsg
+grb,gbo,gec,grj,grv,gry
+hai,hax,hdn
+hmn,cqd,hea,hma,hmc,hmd,hme,hmg,hmh,hmi,hmj,hml,hmm,hmp,hmq,hms,hmw,hmy,hmz,hnj,hrm,huj,mmr,muq,mww,sfm
+jrb,aju,jye,yhd,yud
+kln,enb,eyo,niq,oki,pko,sgc,spy,tec,tuy
+kok,gom,knn
+kpe,gkp,xpe
+lah,hnd,hno,jat,phr,pnb,skr,xhe
+luy,bxk,ida,lkb,lko,lks,lri,lrm,lsm,lto,lts,lwg,nle,nyd,rag
+man,emk,mku,mlq,mnk,msc,mwk
+mwr,dhd,mtr,mve,rwr,swv,wry
+raj,bgq,gda,gju,hoj,mup,wbr
+rom,rmc,rmf,rml,rmn,rmo,rmw,rmy
+syr,aii,cld
+tmh,taq,thv,thz,ttq
+zap,zaa,zab,zac,zad,zae,zaf,zai,zam,zao,zaq,zar,zas,zat,zav,zaw,zax,zca,zcd,zoo,zpa,zpb,zpc,zpd,zpe,zpf,zpg,zph,zpi,zpj,zpk,zpl,zpm,zpn,zpo,zpp,zpq,zpr,zps,zpt,zpu,zpv,zpw,zpx,zpy,zpz,zsr,zte,ztg,ztl,ztm,ztn,ztp,ztq,zts,ztt,ztu,ztx,zty
+zza,diq,kiu
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;

 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

@@ -41,55 +40,76 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
                LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(Locale.forLanguageTag(languageTag))
                        .stream()
                        .map(Locale::toLanguageTag)
-                        .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+                        .toList());
+    }
+
+    private static void assertCandidateLocalesEquals(String l1, String l2) {
+        assertEquals(
+                LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(Locale.forLanguageTag(l1)),
+                LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(Locale.forLanguageTag(l2))
+        );
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetCandidateLocales() {
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh", List.of("zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-CN", List.of("zh-Hans-CN", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-SG", List.of("zh-Hans-SG", "zh-Hans", "zh-SG", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-MY", List.of("zh-Hans-MY", "zh-Hans", "zh-MY", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-US", List.of("zh-Hans-US", "zh-Hans", "zh-US", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-TW", List.of("zh-Hant-TW", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-HK", List.of("zh-Hant-HK", "zh-Hant", "zh-HK", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-MO", List.of("zh-Hant-MO", "zh-Hant", "zh-MO", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hans", List.of("zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hant", List.of("zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hans-US", List.of("zh-Hans-US", "zh-Hans", "zh-US", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hant-CN", List.of("zh-Hant-CN", "zh-Hant", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hans-TW", List.of("zh-Hans-TW", "zh-Hans", "zh-TW", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Latn", List.of("zh-Latn", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Latn-CN", List.of("zh-Latn-CN", "zh-Latn", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-pinyin", List.of("zh-Latn-pinyin", "zh-Latn", "zh-pinyin", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zho", List.of("zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+        // English
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("en", List.of("en-Latn", "en", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("en-US", List.of("en-Latn-US", "en-Latn", "en-US", "en", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("en", "eng");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("en-US", "eng-US");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("und", "en");
+
+        // Spanish
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("es", List.of("es-Latn", "es", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("es", "spa");
+
+        // Japanese
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("ja", List.of("ja-Jpan", "ja", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("ja-JP", List.of("ja-Jpan-JP", "ja-Jpan", "ja-JP", "ja", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("ja", "jpn");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("ja-JP", "jpn-JP");
+
+        // Russian
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("ru", List.of("ru-Cyrl", "ru", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("ru", "rus");
+
+        // Ukrainian
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("uk", List.of("uk-Cyrl", "uk", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("uk", "ukr");
+
+        // Chinese
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh", List.of("cmn-Hans", "cmn", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-CN", List.of("cmn-Hans-CN", "cmn-Hans", "cmn-CN", "cmn", "zh-Hans-CN", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-SG", List.of("cmn-Hans-SG", "cmn-Hans", "cmn-SG", "cmn", "zh-Hans-SG", "zh-Hans", "zh-SG", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-TW", List.of("cmn-Hant-TW", "cmn-Hant", "cmn-TW", "cmn", "zh-Hant-TW", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-HK", List.of("cmn-Hant-HK", "cmn-Hant", "cmn-HK", "cmn", "zh-Hant-HK", "zh-Hant", "zh-HK", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hant-CN", List.of("cmn-Hant-CN", "cmn-Hant", "cmn-CN", "cmn", "zh-Hant-CN", "zh-Hant", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "zh", "und"));
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-pinyin", List.of("cmn-Latn-pinyin", "cmn-Latn", "cmn-pinyin", "cmn", "zh-Latn-pinyin", "zh-Latn", "zh-pinyin", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
+
        assertCandidateLocales("lzh", List.of("lzh-Hant", "lzh", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("lzh-Hant", List.of("lzh-Hant", "lzh", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("lzh-Hans", List.of("lzh-Hans", "lzh", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("cmn", List.of("cmn-Hans", "cmn", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("cmn-Hans", List.of("cmn-Hans", "cmn", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
        assertCandidateLocales("yue", List.of("yue-Hans", "yue", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));

-        assertCandidateLocales("ja", List.of("ja", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("jpn", List.of("ja", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("ja-JP", List.of("ja-JP", "ja", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("jpn-JP", List.of("ja-JP", "ja", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("en", List.of("en", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("eng", List.of("en", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("en-US", List.of("en-US", "en", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("eng-US", List.of("en-US", "en", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("es", List.of("es", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("spa", List.of("es", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("ru", List.of("ru", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("rus", List.of("ru", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("uk", List.of("uk", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("ukr", List.of("uk", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("und", List.of("en", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh", "cmn-Hans");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-CN", "cmn-Hans-CN");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-SG", "cmn-Hans-SG");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-MY", "cmn-Hans-MY");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-TW", "cmn-Hant-TW");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-HK", "cmn-Hant-HK");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hans", "cmn-Hans");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hant", "cmn-Hant");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hant-CN", "cmn-Hant-CN");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hant-SG", "cmn-Hant-SG");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Latn", "cmn-Latn");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-pinyin", "cmn-Latn-pinyin");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zho", "zh");
    }

    @Test
@@ -134,7 +154,9 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
        assertEquals("Hant", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("lzh-Hant")));
        assertEquals("Hant", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("lzh-CN")));

+        assertEquals("Latn", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("en")));
        assertEquals("Latn", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-pinyin")));
+        assertEquals("Latn", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("ja-hepburn")));
    }

    @Test
@@ -192,20 +214,17 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
    }

    @Test
-    public void testMapToISO2Language() {
-        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("eng"));
-        assertEquals("es", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("spa"));
-        assertEquals("ja", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("jpn"));
-        assertEquals("ru", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("rus"));
-        assertEquals("uk", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("ukr"));
-        assertEquals("zh", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("zho"));
-        assertEquals("zu", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("zul"));
-
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language(null));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language(""));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("cmn"));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("lzh"));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("tlh"));
+    public void testNormalizeLanguage() {
+        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage(""));
+        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("eng"));
+        assertEquals("es", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("spa"));
+        assertEquals("ja", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("jpn"));
+        assertEquals("ru", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("rus"));
+        assertEquals("uk", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("ukr"));
+        assertEquals("zh", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("zho"));
+        assertEquals("zu", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("zul"));
+        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage(""));
+        assertEquals("cmn", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("cmn"));
    }

    @Test
@@ -228,10 +247,11 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
        assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh")));
        assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-Hans")));
        assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-CN")));
-        assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("ar-Qabs")));

        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("en-Qabs")));
        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("ar")));
        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("ara")));
+        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("he")));
+        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("heb")));
    }
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.ci.CheckUpdate
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.docs.UpdateDocuments
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n.ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry

 plugins {
    id("checkstyle")
@@ -76,6 +77,12 @@ org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.javafx.JavaFXUtils.register(rootProject)

 defaultTasks("clean", "build")

+tasks.register<ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry>("parseLanguageSubtagRegistry") {
+    languageSubtagRegistryFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("language-subtag-registry"))
+
+    sublanguagesFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv"))
+    defaultScriptFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/default_script.csv"))
+}

 tasks.register<UpdateDocuments>("updateDocuments") {
    documentsDir.set(layout.projectDirectory.dir("docs"))
@@ -103,12 +103,8 @@ public record Document(DocumentFileTree directory,

                        if (line == null)
                            throw new IOException("Missing end line for macro: " + macroName);
-                        else if (line.startsWith("<!-- #END")) {
-                            if (line.equals(endLine)) {
-                                break;
-                            } else {
-                                throw new IOException("Invalid macro end line: " + line);
-                            }
+                        else if (line.equals(endLine)) {
+                            break;
                        } else {
                            lines.add(line);
                        }
@@ -19,36 +19,42 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n;

 import org.gradle.api.GradleException;

-import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.*;

 final class LocalizationUtils {
-    public static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent;
+    public static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent = loadCSV("sublanguages.csv");

-    static {
-        InputStream input = LocalizationUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("sublanguages.csv");
-        if (input == null)
-            throw new GradleException("Missing sublanguages.csv file");
-
-        Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
-        try (input) {
-            new String(input.readAllBytes()).lines()
-                    .filter(line -> !line.startsWith("#") && !line.isBlank())
-                    .forEach(line -> {
-                        String[] languages = line.split(",");
-                        if (languages.length < 2)
-                            throw new GradleException("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
-
-                        String parent = languages[0];
-                        for (int i = 1; i < languages.length; i++) {
-                            map.put(languages[i], parent);
-                        }
-                    });
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new GradleException("Failed to read sublanguages.csv", e);
+    private static Map<String, String> loadCSV(String fileName) {
+        InputStream resource = LocalizationUtils.class.getResourceAsStream(fileName);
+        if (resource == null) {
+            throw new GradleException("Resource not found: " + fileName);
        }
-        subLanguageToParent = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
+
+        HashMap<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();
+        try (resource) {
+            new String(resource.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines().forEach(line -> {
+                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank())
+                    return;
+
+                String[] items = line.split(",");
+                if (items.length < 2) {
+                    throw new GradleException("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
+                }
+
+                String parent = items[0];
+                for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
+                    result.put(items[i], parent);
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (RuntimeException | Error e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            throw new GradleException("Failed to load " + fileName, e);
+        }
+
+        return Map.copyOf(result);
    }

    private static List<String> resolveLanguage(String language) {
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n;
+
+import org.gradle.api.DefaultTask;
+import org.gradle.api.GradleException;
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFile;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFile;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskAction;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/// @author Glavo
+/// @see [language-subtag-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry)
+public abstract class ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry extends DefaultTask {
+
+    @InputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getLanguageSubtagRegistryFile();
+
+    @OutputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getSublanguagesFile();
+
+    /// CSV file storing the mapping from subtag to their default scripts.
+    @OutputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getDefaultScriptFile();
+
+    @TaskAction
+    public void run() throws IOException {
+        List<Item> items;
+
+        try (var reader = Files.newBufferedReader(getLanguageSubtagRegistryFile().getAsFile().get().toPath())) {
+            var builder = new ItemsBuilder();
+            builder.parse(reader);
+            items = builder.items;
+        }
+
+        MultiMap scriptToSubtag = new MultiMap();
+        MultiMap languageToSub = new MultiMap();
+
+        // Classical Chinese should use Traditional Chinese characters by default
+        scriptToSubtag.add("Hant", "lzh");
+
+        for (Item item : items) {
+            String type = item.firstValueOrThrow("Type");
+            if (type.equals("grandfathered") || type.equals("redundant")
+                    || !item.allValues("Deprecated").isEmpty())
+                continue;
+
+            String subtag = item.firstValueOrThrow("Subtag");
+
+            mainSwitch:
+            switch (type) {
+                case "language", "extlang" -> {
+                    item.firstValue("Macrolanguage")
+                            .ifPresent(macroLang -> languageToSub.add(macroLang, subtag));
+
+                    item.firstValue("Suppress-Script")
+                            .ifPresent(script -> scriptToSubtag.add(script, subtag));
+                }
+                case "variant" -> {
+                    List<String> prefixes = item.allValues("Prefix");
+                    String defaultScript = null;
+                    for (String prefix : prefixes) {
+                        String script = Locale.forLanguageTag(prefix).getScript();
+                        if (script.isEmpty()) {
+                            break mainSwitch;
+                        }
+
+                        if (defaultScript == null) {
+                            defaultScript = script;
+                        } else {
+                            if (!defaultScript.equals(script)) {
+                                break mainSwitch;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (defaultScript != null) {
+                        scriptToSubtag.add(defaultScript, subtag);
+                    }
+                }
+                case "region", "script" -> {
+                    // ignored
+                }
+                default -> throw new GradleException(String.format("Unknown subtag type: %s", type));
+            }
+        }
+
+        languageToSub.saveToCSV(getSublanguagesFile());
+        scriptToSubtag.saveToCSV(getDefaultScriptFile());
+    }
+
+    private static final class MultiMap {
+        private final TreeMap<String, Set<String>> allValues = new TreeMap<>(TAG_COMPARATOR);
+
+        void add(String key, String value) {
+            allValues.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new TreeSet<>(TAG_COMPARATOR)).add(value);
+        }
+
+        void saveToCSV(RegularFileProperty csvFile) throws IOException {
+            try (var writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(csvFile.getAsFile().get().toPath(),
+                    StandardOpenOption.CREATE,
+                    StandardOpenOption.TRUNCATE_EXISTING)) {
+
+                for (Map.Entry<String, Set<String>> entry : allValues.entrySet()) {
+                    String key = entry.getKey();
+                    Set<String> values = entry.getValue();
+
+                    writer.write(key);
+
+                    for (String value : values) {
+                        writer.write(',');
+                        writer.write(value);
+                    }
+
+                    writer.newLine();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class Item {
+        final Map<String, List<String>> values = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        public @NotNull List<String> allValues(String name) {
+            return values.getOrDefault(name, List.of());
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Optional<String> firstValue(String name) {
+            return Optional.ofNullable(values.get(name)).map(it -> it.get(0));
+        }
+
+        public @Nullable String firstValueOrNull(String name) {
+            return firstValue(name).orElse(null);
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull String firstValueOrThrow(String name) {
+            return firstValue(name).orElseThrow(() -> new GradleException("No value found for " + name + " in " + this));
+        }
+
+        public void put(String name, String value) {
+            values.computeIfAbsent(name, ignored -> new ArrayList<>(1)).add(value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner("\n");
+
+            values.forEach((name, values) -> {
+                for (String value : values) {
+                    joiner.add(name + ": " + value);
+                }
+            });
+
+            return joiner.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class ItemsBuilder {
+        private final List<Item> items = new ArrayList<>(1024);
+        private Item current = new Item();
+        private String currentName = null;
+        private String currentValue = null;
+
+        private void updateCurrent() {
+            if (currentName != null) {
+                current.put(currentName, currentValue);
+                currentName = null;
+                currentValue = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateItems() throws IOException {
+            updateCurrent();
+
+            if (current.values.isEmpty())
+                return;
+
+            if (current.firstValue("Type").isEmpty()) {
+                if (current.firstValue("File-Date").isPresent()) {
+                    current.values.clear();
+                    return;
+                } else {
+                    throw new GradleException("Invalid item: " + current);
+                }
+            }
+
+            items.add(current);
+            current = new Item();
+        }
+
+        void parse(BufferedReader reader) throws IOException {
+            Pattern linePattern = Pattern.compile("^(?<name>[A-Za-z\\-]+): (?<value>.*)$");
+
+            String line;
+            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                if (line.isBlank()) {
+                    continue;
+                } else if (line.equals("%%")) {
+                    updateItems();
+                } else if (line.startsWith("  ")) {
+                    if (currentValue != null) {
+                        currentValue = currentValue + " " + line;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new GradleException("Invalid line: " + line);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    updateCurrent();
+
+                    Matcher matcher = linePattern.matcher(line);
+                    if (matcher.matches()) {
+                        currentName = matcher.group("name");
+                        currentValue = matcher.group("value");
+                    } else {
+                        throw new GradleException("Invalid line: " + line);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            updateItems();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final Comparator<String> TAG_COMPARATOR = (lang1, lang2) -> {
+        if (lang1.length() != lang2.length())
+            return Integer.compare(lang1.length(), lang2.length());
+        else
+            return lang1.compareTo(lang2);
+    };
+}
@@ -58,19 +58,23 @@ public abstract class ParseModDataTask extends DefaultTask {
    private static final String MOD_SEPARATOR = ",";

    private static final Pattern[] CURSEFORGE_PATTERNS = {
-            Pattern.compile("^/(minecraft|Minecraft|minecraft-bedrock)/(mc-mods|data-packs|modpacks|customization|mc-addons|texture-packs|customization/configuration|addons)/+(?<modid>[\\w-]+)(/(.*?))?$"),
+            Pattern.compile("^/(minecraft|Minecraft|minecraft-bedrock)/(mc-mods|data-packs|modpacks|customization|mc-addons|texture-packs|customization/configuration|addons|scripts)/+(?<modid>[\\w-]+)(/(.*?))?$"),
            Pattern.compile("^/projects/(?<modid>[\\w-]+)(/(.*?))?$"),
            Pattern.compile("^/mc-mods/minecraft/(?<modid>[\\w-]+)(/(.*?))?$"),
            Pattern.compile("^/legacy/mc-mods/minecraft/(\\d+)-(?<modid>[\\w-]+)"),
    };

    private static String parseCurseforge(String url) {
-        URI res = URI.create(url);
+        URI res = URI.create(url.replace(" ", "%20"));

        if (!"http".equals(res.getScheme()) && !"https".equals(res.getScheme())) {
            return "";
        }

+        if ("edge.forgecdn.net".equals(res.getHost())) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
        for (Pattern pattern : CURSEFORGE_PATTERNS) {
            Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(res.getPath());
            if (matcher.matches()) {
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #
-versionRoot=3.7
+versionRoot=3.8
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Build Guide
+
+<!-- #BEGIN LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+**English** | [中文](Building_zh.md)
+<!-- #END LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+
+## Requirements
+
+To build the HMCL launcher, you need to install JDK 17 (or higher). You can download it here: [Download Liberica JDK](https://bell-sw.com/pages/downloads/#jdk-25-lts).
+
+After installing the JDK, make sure the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable points to the required JDK directory.
+You can check the JDK version that `JAVA_HOME` points to like this:
+
+<details>
+<summary>Windows</summary>
+
+PowerShell:
+```
+PS > & "$env:JAVA_HOME/bin/java.exe" -version
+openjdk version "25" 2025-09-16 LTS
+OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 25+37-LTS)
+OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25+37-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)
+```
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary>Linux/macOS/FreeBSD</summary>
+
+```
+> $JAVA_HOME/bin/java -version
+openjdk version "25" 2025-09-16 LTS
+OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 25+37-LTS)
+OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25+37-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)
+```
+
+</details>
+
+## Get HMCL Source Code
+
+- You can get the latest source code via [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads):
+  ```shell
+  git clone https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL.git
+  cd HMCL
+  ```
+- You can manually download a specific version of the source code from the [GitHub Release page](https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL/releases).
+
+## Build HMCL
+
+To build HMCL, switch to the root directory of the HMCL project and run the following command:
+
+```shell
+./gradlew clean makeExecutables
+```
+
+The built HMCL program files are located in the `HMCL/build/libs` subdirectory under the project root.
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# 构建指南
+
+<!-- #BEGIN LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+[English](Building.md) | **中文**
+<!-- #END LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+
+## 环境需求
+
+构建 HMCL 启动器需要安装 JDK 17 (或更高版本)。你可以从此处下载它: [Download Liberica JDK](https://bell-sw.com/pages/downloads/#jdk-25-lts)。
+
+在安装 JDK 后，请确保 `JAVA_HOME` 环境变量指向符合需求的 JDK 目录。
+你可以这样查看 `JAVA_HOME` 指向的 JDK 版本:
+
+<details>
+<summary>Windows</summary>
+
+PowerShell:
+```
+PS > & "$env:JAVA_HOME/bin/java.exe" -version
+openjdk version "25" 2025-09-16 LTS
+OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 25+37-LTS)
+OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25+37-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)
+```
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary>Linux/macOS/FreeBSD</summary>
+
+```
+> $JAVA_HOME/bin/java -version
+openjdk version "25" 2025-09-16 LTS
+OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 25+37-LTS)
+OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25+37-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)
+```
+
+</details>
+
+## 获取 HMCL 源码
+
+- 通过 [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) 可以获取最新源码:
+  ```shell
+  git clone https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL.git
+  cd HMCL
+  ```
+- 从 [GitHub Release 页面](https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL/releases)可以手动下载特定版本的源码。
+
+## 构建 HMCL
+
+想要构建 HMCL，请切换到 HMCL 项目的根目录下，并执行以下命令:
+
+```shell
+./gradlew clean makeExecutables
+```
+
+构建出的 HMCL 程序文件位于根目录下的 `HMCL/build/libs` 子目录中。
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+# Localization
+
+<!-- #BEGIN LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+**English** | [中文](Localization_zh.md)
+<!-- #END LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+
+HMCL provides localization support for multiple languages.
+
+This document describes HMCL's support status for these languages and provides a guide for contributors who want to help with HMCL localization.
+
+## Supported languages
+
+Currently, HMCL supports the following languages:
+
+| Language              | Language Tag | Preferred Localization Key | Preferred Localization File Suffix | [Game Language Files](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Language) | Support Status | Volunteers                                |
+|-----------------------|--------------|----------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------|-------------------------------------------|
+| English               | `en`         | `default`                  | (empty)                            | `en_us`                                                  | **Primary**    | [Glavo](https://github.com/Glavo)         |
+| English (Upside Down) | `en-Qabs`    | `en-Qabs`                  | `en_Qabs`                          | `en_ud`                                                  | Automatic      |                                           |
+| Chinese (Simplified)  | `zh-Hans`    | `zh`                       | `_zh`                              | `zh_cn`                                                  | **Primary**    | [Glavo](https://github.com/Glavo)         |
+| Chinese (Traditional) | `zh-Hant`    | `zh-Hant`                  | `_zh_Hant`                         | `zh_tw` <br/> `zh_hk`                                    | **Primary**    | [Glavo](https://github.com/Glavo)         |
+| Chinese (Classical)   | `lzh`        | `lzh`                      | `_lzh`                             | `lzh`                                                    | Secondary      |                                           |
+| Japanese              | `ja`         | `ja`                       | `_ja`                              | `ja_jp`                                                  | Secondary      |                                           |
+| Spanish               | `es`         | `es`                       | `_es`                              | `es_es`                                                  | Secondary      | [3gf8jv4dv](https://github.com/3gf8jv4dv) |
+| Russian               | `ru`         | `ru`                       | `_ru`                              | `ru_ru`                                                  | Secondary      | [3gf8jv4dv](https://github.com/3gf8jv4dv) |
+| Ukrainian             | `uk`         | `uk`                       | `_uk`                              | `uk_ua`                                                  | Secondary      |                                           |
+
+<details>
+<summary>About Language Tags</summary>
+
+HMCL uses language tags that conform to the IETF BCP 47 standard.
+
+When choosing language tags, we follow these principles:
+
+1. For languages defined in the ISO 639 standard, if a tag has already been registered in the [IANA Language Subtag Registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry),
+   we always use the registered tag.
+
+   For example, for English, we use `en` instead of `eng` as the language code.
+
+2. For non-standard languages defined by Minecraft, the code defined in the language file's `language.code` should be preferred over the game language file's name.
+
+   This is because Minecraft sometimes uses real-world country/region codes to represent joke languages 
+   (for example, Pirate English uses the language file `en_pt`, but `PT` is actually the country code for Portugal).
+
+   For example, for Upside down English, we use `en-Qabs` as the language code instead of `en-UD`.
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+<summary>About Localization Keys and File Suffixes</summary>
+
+Localization file suffixes and keys are used to name [localization resources](#localization-resources).
+
+Generally, the localization key is the language code for the resource, and the localization file suffix is obtained by replacing `-` with `_` in the language code and adding a leading underscore.
+
+As a special case, for default resources, the localization key is `default` and the file suffix is empty.
+
+Due to the existence of the [resource fallback mechanism](#resource-fallback-mechanism),
+if there is no resource that exactly matches the current locale, 
+HMCL will derive a search list from the current language tag and search for resources in order.
+
+We recommend always providing a default resource (with the `default` key and empty file suffix) when providing localization resources,
+to ensure all users can load resources properly.
+
+We also recommend using broader language tags for localization resources whenever possible,
+so users are less likely to fall back to the default resource.
+
+For example, if you provide a Simplified Chinese localization resource, 
+we recommend using `zh` as the localization key instead of the more specific `zh-Hans`,
+so it will apply to all Chinese users and avoid falling back to the default resource for them.
+
+If you want to provide both Simplified and Traditional Chinese resources, 
+it is recommended to use the broader `zh` as the key for the resource with more users (as the default Chinese resource),
+and use the more specific `zh-Hans`/`zh-Hant` as the key for the resource with fewer users.
+
+</details>
+
+HMCL requires all pull requests that update documentation and localization resources to also update the resources
+for all **primary** supported languages.
+If the PR author is not familiar with the relevant languages, they can request translation help in the comments,
+and maintainers will help translate these texts before merging the PR.
+
+For **secondary** supported languages, we cannot guarantee that these localization resources will always be updated in sync.
+We need collaborators who are proficient in these languages to help with maintenance.
+
+We will record volunteers willing to help maintain these language resources in the documentation.
+If contributors want to have new localization texts translated into these languages in a timely manner,
+they can @ these volunteers in the PR for help.
+
+If you are willing to help maintain localization resources for any language, please open a PR
+and add your GitHub username to the volunteer list above.
+We greatly appreciate your help.
+
+## Adding Support for a New Language
+
+HMCL welcomes anyone to participate in translation and contribution. 
+However, maintaining translations for more languages requires more maintenance effort, so we have some requirements for newly added languages.
+Please confirm the following requirements before contributing:
+
+- We prioritize [languages officially supported by Minecraft](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Language).
+
+  Unless there are special reasons, we do not provide support for languages not yet supported by Minecraft.
+- We hope to provide long-term maintenance support for all languages.
+
+  Since the maintainers of this project are proficient in only a limited number of languages, 
+  to avoid support for new languages quickly becoming outdated due to lack of maintainers,
+  we hope to find people proficient in the language to help us maintain the newly added localization files in the long term.
+  If there may be a lack of long-term maintainers, we will be more cautious about adding support for that language.
+
+We recommend that contributors submit a [feature request](https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL/issues/new?template=feature.yml) before providing a new language translation,
+discuss with other contributors first, and determine the future maintenance plan before starting the translation work.
+
+### Getting Started with Translation
+
+If you want to add support for a new language to HMCL, please start by translating [`I18N.properties`](../HMCL/src/main/resources/assets/lang/I18N.properties).
+The vast majority of HMCL's texts are in this file, and translating it will translate the entire interface.
+
+This is a Java Properties file, which is very simple in format.
+Before translating, please read the introduction to this format: [Properties file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.properties).
+
+As the first step of translation, please look up the two- or three-letter language tag for your language in [this table](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry).
+For example, the language tag for English is `en`.
+
+After determining the language tag, please create a file named `I18N_<localization file suffix>.properties` (e.g., `I18N_en.properties`) next to the [`I18N.properties` file](../HMCL/src/main/resources/assets/lang).
+Then you can start translating in this file.
+
+The `I18N.properties` file follows the [resource fallback mechanism](#resource-fallback-mechanism) to look up missing translations.
+That is, you can translate entry by entry, and any untranslated entries will automatically fall back to English.
+
+After translating part of the file, you can [build HMCL yourself](./README.md#compilation), 
+and your translations will be included in the compiled HMCL.
+If your computer's default environment is not the target language,
+you can set the environment variable `HMCL_LANGUAGE` to the language tag you just found from the table,
+and HMCL will automatically switch to that language.
+
+At this point, you can push the file to GitHub and submit a PR to HMCL.
+The maintainers of HMCL will complete the remaining steps for you.
+
+## Localization Resources
+
+All documentation and localization resource files follow the naming rule `<resource name><localization file suffix>.<extension>`.
+
+For example, for `README.md`, the localized versions in different languages are named as follows:
+
+- English: `README.md`
+- Chinese (Simplified): `README_zh.md`
+- Chinese (Traditional): `README_zh_Hant.md`
+- Chinese (Classical): `README_lzh.md`
+
+In addition to localized files, HMCL also supports localizing certain text fields in JSON. Localized text in JSON uses the following format:
+
+```json5
+{
+    "<Localization Key 1>": "<Localized Text 1>",
+    "<Localization Key 2>": "<Localized Text 2>",
+    // ...
+    "<Localization Key N>": "<Localized Text N>"
+}
+```
+
+For example, for the following text field:
+
+```json
+{
+    "meow": "Meow"
+}
+```
+
+It can be rewritten as localized text:
+
+```json
+{
+    "meow": {
+        "default": "Meow",
+        "zh": "喵呜",
+        "zh-Hant": "喵嗚"
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Resource Fallback Mechanism
+
+For missing resources in a certain language, HMCL supports a resource fallback mechanism,
+which derives a search list based on different language tags and searches for resources in order according to this list.
+
+Before searching, we first refine the language tag through the following steps.
+
+1. Normalize Language Codes
+
+   If the language code subtag in the current language tag is not registered in the IANA Language Subtag Registry, 
+   HMCL will try to map it to a registered tag.
+
+   For example, HMCL will replace the language code `eng` with `en`.
+
+2. Map Macrolanguages to Individual Languages
+
+   If the current language code is an [ISO 639 macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage), 
+   and the macrolanguage usually refers to a specific individual language, HMCL will replace it with that individual language.
+
+   For example, `zh` (Chinese) usually actually refers to `cmn` (Mandarin), so we replace the language code `zh` with `cmn`.
+
+3. Derive Script
+
+   If the current language tag does not specify a script, HMCL will try to derive the script according to the following rules in order:
+
+    1. If the current language tag specifies a variant, and the variant is registered in the IANA Language Subtag Registry, 
+       and all its `Prefix` entries in the registry contain the same script, then set the current script to that script.
+
+       For example, if the current variant is `pinyin` (Chinese Pinyin), the script will be set to `Latn` (Latin).
+
+    2. If the current language code is assigned a `Suppress-Script` in the IANA Language Subtag Registry, set the current script to that script.
+
+       For example, if the current language code is `en` (English), the script will be set to `Latn` (Latin); 
+       if the code is `ru` (Russian), the script will be set to `Cyrl` (Cyrillic).
+
+    3. If the current language code is `lzh` (Classical Chinese), set the script to `Hant` (Traditional Chinese Characters).
+
+    4. If the current language code is `zh` or a sublanguage of `zh`, check if the current region code is one of `TW`, `HK`, or `MO`. 
+       If true, set the script to `Hant` (Traditional Chinese Characters);
+       otherwise, set it to `Hans` (Simplified Chinese Characters).
+
+After refining the language code, HMCL will derive a list of language tags based on this language tag.
+
+For example, for the language tag `en-US`, HMCL will refine it to `en-Latn-US` and derive the following search list:
+
+1. `en-Latn-US`
+2. `en-Latn`
+3. `en-US`
+4. `en`
+5. `und`
+
+For the language tag `zh-CN`, HMCL will refine it to `cmn-Hans-CN` and derive the following search list:
+
+1. `cmn-Hans-CN`
+2. `cmn-Hans`
+3. `cmn-CN`
+4. `cmn`
+5. `zh-Hans-CN`
+6. `zh-Hans`
+7. `zh-CN`
+8. `zh`
+9. `und`
+
+For resources that can be merged (such as `.properties` files), 
+HMCL will merge resources according to the priority of this list; for resources that are difficult to merge (such as font files), 
+HMCL will load the highest-priority resource found in this list.
+
+If the current language uses a three-letter ISO 639 code, but there is also a corresponding two-letter code, 
+HMCL will map it to the two-letter code before searching for resources.
+
+For example, if the current environment's language tag is `eng-US`, 
+HMCL will map it to `en-US` and then search for localization resources according to the above rules.
+
+### Additional Rules for Chinese
+
+HMCL always adds `zh-CN` to the search list for all Chinese environments, 
+and adds `zh-TW` to the search list for all Traditional Chinese environments.
+
+Below are the localization resource search lists for several common Chinese environments.
+
+- `zh-CN`:
+    1. `cmn-Hans-CN`
+    2. `cmn-Hans`
+    3. `cmn-CN`
+    4. `cmn`
+    5. `zh-Hans-CN`
+    6. `zh-Hans`
+    7. `zh-CN`
+    8. `zh`
+    9. `und`
+- `zh-SG`:
+    1. `cmn-Hans-SG`
+    2. `cmn-Hans`
+    3. `cmn-SG`
+    4. `cmn`
+    5. `zh-Hans-SG`
+    6. `zh-Hans`
+    7. `zh-SG`
+    8. `zh-CN`
+    9. `zh`
+    10. `und`
+- `zh-TW`:
+    1. `zh-Hant-TW`
+    2. `zh-Hant`
+    3. `zh-TW`
+    4. `zh`
+    5. `zh-CN`
+    6. `und`
+- `zh-HK`:
+    1. `cmn-Hant-HK`
+    2. `cmn-Hant`
+    3. `cmn-HK`
+    4. `cmn`
+    5. `zh-Hant-HK`
+    6. `zh-Hant`
+    7. `zh-HK`
+    8. `zh-TW`
+    9. `zh`
+    10. `zh-CN`
+    11. `und`
+- `lzh`:
+    1. `lzh-Hant`
+    2. `lzh`
+    3. `zh-Hant`
+    4. `zh-TW`
+    5. `zh`
+    6. `zh-CN`
+    7. `und`
+
+## Automatic Synchronization of Documentation Content
+
+<!-- #BEGIN BLOCK -->
+<!-- #PROPERTY PROCESS_LINK=false -->
+To simplify documentation maintenance, HMCL uses a macro mechanism to automatically maintain parts of the documentation content.
+Run the following command in the terminal:
+
+```bash
+./gradlew updateDocuments
+```
+
+This will automatically update all documentation content.
+
+For example, to create links for switching between different language versions of the same document, 
+add the following content under the document title:
+
+```markdown
+<!-- #BEGIN LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+<!-- #END LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+```
+
+After running `./gradlew updateDocuments`, these two lines will be automatically replaced with language switcher links like the following:
+
+```markdown
+**English** (**Standard**, [uʍoᗡ ǝpᴉsd∩](README_en_Qabs.md)) | 中文 ([简体](README_zh.md), [繁體](README_zh_Hant.md), [文言](README_lzh.md)) | [日本語](README_ja.md) | [español](README_es.md) | [русский](README_ru.md) | [українська](README_uk.md)
+```
+
+For more about macros, see [MacroProcessor.java](../buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/docs/MacroProcessor.java).
+<!-- #END BLOCK -->
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # 本地化

-<!-- TODO: 本文档需要进一步完善。为了便于修改，我们暂时不将本文件翻译至其他语言，在完善后再在独立 PR 中提供其他语言的译文。 -->
+<!-- #BEGIN LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->
+[English](Localization.md) | **中文**
+<!-- #END LANGUAGE_SWITCHER -->

 HMCL 为多种语言提供本地化支持。

@@ -27,19 +29,17 @@ HMCL 为多种语言提供本地化支持。

 HMCL 使用符合 IETF BCP 47 规范的语言标签。

-对于 ISO 639 标准中定义的语言，如果同时存在两字母语言代码和三字母语言代码，那么应当优先选择两字母语言代码。
+在选择语言标签时，我们会遵循以下原则:

-例如，对于英语，我们使用 `en` 而不是 `eng` 作为语言代码。
+1. 对于 ISO 639 标准中定义的语言，如果已经在 [IANA 语言子标签注册表](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry)中注册，我们总是使用经过注册的标签。

-对于 Minecraft 所定义的非标准语言，应当优先使用语言文件的 `language.code` 中定义的代码，而非游戏语言文件的名称
-(但对于存在两字母代码的语言，应当将三字母语言代码替换为对应的两字母语言代码)。
-这是因为 Minecraft 有时候会用现实中实际存在的国家/地区代码来表示虚构语言 (比如说海盗英语的语言文件为 `en_pt`，但 `PT` 其实是葡萄牙的国家代码)。
+   例如，对于英语，我们使用 `en` 而不是 `eng` 作为语言代码。

-例如，对于颠倒的英语，我们使用 `en-Qabs` 作为语言代码，而不是 `en-UD`。
+2. 对于 Minecraft 所定义的非标准语言，应当优先使用语言文件的 `language.code` 中定义的代码，而非游戏语言文件的名称。

-此外，语言代码中应当尽可能选择地区中立的语言标签。
+   这是因为 Minecraft 有时候会用现实中实际存在的国家/地区代码来表示虚构语言 (比如说海盗英语的语言文件为 `en_pt`，但 `PT` 其实是葡萄牙的国家代码)。

-例如，对于简体中文和繁体中文，我们使用 `zh-Hans`和 `zh-Hant` 作为语言代码，而不是 `zh-CN` 和 `zh-TW`。
+   例如，对于颠倒的英语，我们使用 `en-Qabs` 作为语言代码，而不是 `en-UD`。

 </details>

@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ HMCL 的绝大多数文本都位于这个文件中，翻译此文件就能翻译
 这是一个 Java Properties 文件，格式非常简单。
 在翻译前请先阅读该格式的介绍: [Properties 文件](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.properties)。

-作为翻译的第一步，请从[这张表格](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639_language_codes)中查询这个语言对应的两字母或三字母语言标签。
+作为翻译的第一步，请从[这张表格](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry)中查询这个语言对应的两字母或三字母语言标签。
 例如，英语的语言标签为 `en`。

-在确定了语言标签后，请在 [`I18N.properties` 文件旁](../HMCL/src/main/resources/assets/lang)创建 `I18N_<语言标签>.properites` (例如 `I18N_en.properties`) 文件。
+在确定了语言标签后，请在 [`I18N.properties` 文件旁](../HMCL/src/main/resources/assets/lang)创建 `I18N_<本地化文件后缀>.properties` (例如 `I18N_en.properties`) 文件。
 随后，你就可以开始在这个文件中进行翻译工作了。

 `I18N.properties` 文件会遵循[资源回退机制](#资源回退机制)查询缺失的译文。
@@ -169,12 +169,62 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。
 对于某个语言下的缺失的资源，HMCL 支持一套资源回退机制，会根据不同的语言标签推导出一个搜索列表，
 根据该列表依次搜索资源。

-例如，如果当前环境的语言标签为 `en-US`，那么 HMCL 会根据以下列表的顺序搜索对应的本地化资源:
+在搜索前，我们会先通过以下步骤对语言标签进行细化推导。

-1. `en-US`
+1. 归一化语言代码
+
+   如果当前语言标签中的语言代码子标签未在 IANA 语言子标签注册表中进行注册，HMCL 会先尝试将其映射为注册表中已注册的标签。
+
+   例如，HMCL会将语言代码 `eng` 替换为 `en`。
+
+2. 映射宏语言至子语言
+
+   如果当前语言代码是一个 [ISO 639 宏语言](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage)，
+   且该宏语言通常指代某个个体语言，HMCL 会将其替换为该个体语言。
+
+   例如 `zh` (中文) 通常实际指代 `cmn` (官话)，所以我们会将语言代码 `zh` 替换为 `cmn`。
+
+3. 推导拼写脚本
+
+   如果当前语言标签中未指定拼写脚本，HMCL 会依次根据以下规则尝试推导拼写脚本:
+
+   1. 如果当前语言标签指定了语言变体，该语言变体已在 IANA 语言子标签注册表中，
+      且注册表中其所有 `Prefix` 都包含相同的拼写脚本，则将当前拼写脚本指定为该脚本。
+
+      例如，如果当前语言变体为 `pinyin` (汉语拼音)，则当前拼写脚本会被指定为 `Latn` (拉丁文)。
+
+   2. 如果当前语言代码在 IANA 语言子标签注册表中被指定了 `Suppress-Script`，则将当前拼写脚本指定为该脚本。
+
+      例如，如果当前语言代码为 `en` (英语)，则当前拼写脚本会被指定为 `Latn` (拉丁文);
+      如果当前语言代码为 `ru` (俄语)，则当前拼写脚本会被指定为 `Cyrl` (西里尔文)。
+
+   3. 如果当前语言代码是 `lzh` (文言)，则将当前拼写脚本指定为 `Hant` (繁体汉字)。
+
+   4. 如果当前语言代码是 `zh` 或 `zh` 的子语言，则检查当前国家/地区代码是否为 `TW`、`HK`、`MO` 之一。
+      如果结果为真，则将当前拼写脚本指定为 `Hant` (繁体汉字)；否则将当前拼写脚本指定为 `Hans` (简体汉字)。
+
+在对语言代码细化推导完成后，HMCL 会开始根据此语言标签推导出一个语言标签列表。
+
+例如，对于语言标签 `en-US`，HMCL 会将其细化为 `en-Latn-US`，并据此推导出以下搜索列表:
+
+1. `en-Latn-US`
+2. `en-Latn`
+3. `en-US`
 2. `en`
 3. `und`

+对于语言标签 `zh-CN`，HMCL 会将其细化为 `cmn-Hans-CN`，并据此推导出以下搜索列表:
+
+1. `cmn-Hans-CN`
+2. `cmn-Hans`
+3. `cmn-CN`
+4. `cmn`
+5. `zh-Hans-CN`
+6. `zh-Hans`
+7. `zh-CN`
+8. `zh`
+9. `und`
+
 对于能够混合的资源 (例如 `.properties` 文件)，HMCL 会根据此列表的优先级混合资源；
 对于难以混合的资源 (例如字体文件)，HMCL 会根据此列表加载找到的最高优先级的资源。

@@ -182,35 +232,33 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。

 例如，如果当前环境的语言标签为 `eng-US`，那么 HMCL 会将其映射至 `en-US` 后再根据上述规则搜索本地化资源。

-如果当前语言是一个 [ISO 639 宏语言](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage)的子语言，那么 HMCL 也会搜索宏语言对应的资源。
-
 ### 对于中文的额外规则

-对于中文 (以及其子语言标签，例如文言文 (`lzh`)、普通话 (`cmn`)、粤语 (`yue`) 等等)，HMCL 有着额外的支持。
-
-如果当前环境的语言为中文 (及其子语言)，且未指定书写脚本，那么 HMCL 会根据语言和地区标签推导出默认的书写脚本。
-
-对于语言为 `lzh` 或地区为 `TW`、`HK`、`MO` 的情况，默认书写脚本为繁体中文 (`Hant`)；
-而对于其他语言和地区，默认书写脚本为简体中文 (`Hans`)。
-
-此外，HMCL 会将 `zh-CN` 加入所有中文环境的搜索列表中，将 `zh-TW` 加入所有繁体中文环境的搜索列表中，
-从而适应更多场景。
+HMCL 总是会将 `zh-CN` 加入所有中文环境的搜索列表中，将 `zh-TW` 加入所有繁体中文环境的搜索列表中。

 以下是几个常见中文环境对应的本地化资源搜索列表。

 - `zh-CN`:
-    1. `zh-Hans-CN`
-    2. `zh-Hans`
-    3. `zh-CN`
-    4. `zh`
-    5. `und`
+    1. `cmn-Hans-CN`
+    2. `cmn-Hans`
+    3. `cmn-CN`
+    4. `cmn`
+    5. `zh-Hans-CN`
+    6. `zh-Hans`
+    7. `zh-CN`
+    8. `zh`
+    9. `und`
 - `zh-SG`:
-    1. `zh-Hans-SG`
-    2. `zh-Hans`
-    3. `zh-SG`
-    4. `zh-CN`
-    5. `zh`
-    6. `und`
+    1.  `cmn-Hans-SG`
+    2.  `cmn-Hans`
+    3.  `cmn-SG`
+    4.  `cmn`
+    5.  `zh-Hans-SG`
+    6.  `zh-Hans`
+    7.  `zh-SG`
+    8.  `zh-CN`
+    9.  `zh`
+    10. `und`
 - `zh-TW`:
    1. `zh-Hant-TW`
    2. `zh-Hant`
@@ -219,22 +267,30 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。
    5. `zh-CN`
    6. `und`
 - `zh-HK`:
-    1. `zh-Hant-HK`
-    2. `zh-Hant`
-    3. `zh-HK`
-    4. `zh-TW`
-    5. `zh`
-    6. `zh-CN`
-    7. `und`
+    1.  `cmn-Hant-HK`
+    2.  `cmn-Hant`
+    3.  `cmn-HK`
+    4.  `cmn`
+    5.  `zh-Hant-HK`
+    6.  `zh-Hant`
+    7.  `zh-HK`
+    8.  `zh-TW`
+    9.  `zh`
+    10. `zh-CN`
+    11. `und`
 - `lzh`:
    1. `lzh-Hant`
    2. `lzh`
    3. `zh-Hant`
-    4. `zh`
-    5. `und`
+    4. `zh-TW`
+    5. `zh`
+    6. `zh-CN`
+    7. `und`

 ## 自动同步文档内容

+<!-- #BEGIN BLOCK -->
+<!-- #PROPERTY PROCESS_LINK=false -->
 为了简化文档的维护，HMCL 使用了一套宏机制自动维护文档的部分内容。在命令行中执行

 ```bash
@@ -253,8 +309,8 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。
 随后执行 `./gradlew updateDocuments`，这两行内容会被自动替换为类似这样的跳转链接:

 ```markdown
-**English** |
-中文 ([简体](README_zh.md), [繁體](README_zh.md), [文言](README_zh.md)) | [日本語](README_zh.md) | [español](README_zh.md) | [русский](README_zh.md) | [українська](README_zh.md)
+**English** (**Standard**, [uʍoᗡ ǝpᴉsd∩](README_en_Qabs.md)) | 中文 ([简体](README_zh.md), [繁體](README_zh_Hant.md), [文言](README_lzh.md)) | [日本語](README_ja.md) | [español](README_es.md) | [русский](README_ru.md) | [українська](README_uk.md)
 ```

 关于宏的更多内容，请见 [MacroProcessor.java](../buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/docs/MacroProcessor.java)。
+<!-- #END BLOCK -->
@@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ If you want to submit a pull request, here are some requirements:

 ### Compilation

-Simply execute the following command in the project root directory:
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-Make sure you have Java 17 or later installed.
+See the [Build Guide](./Building.md) page.

 ## JVM Options (for debugging)

@@ -42,13 +42,7 @@ Si deseas enviar un pull request, aquí tienes algunos requisitos:

 ### Compilación

-Simplemente ejecuta el siguiente comando en el directorio raíz del proyecto:
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-Asegúrate de tener instalado Java 17 o una versión posterior.
+Consulta la página de la [Guía de compilación](./Building.md).

 ## Opciones de JVM (para depuración)

@@ -41,13 +41,7 @@ HMCLが対応しているシステムやCPUアーキテクチャについては

 ### コンパイル方法

-プロジェクトのルートディレクトリで次のコマンドを実行してください。
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-Java 17以上がインストールされていることを確認してください。
+ビルド方法については、[ビルドガイド](./Building.md)ページをご覧ください。

 ## JVMオプション（デバッグ用）

@@ -42,13 +42,7 @@ HMCL 跨域甚廣。無論 Windows、Linux、macOS、FreeBSD 諸常見械綱，

 ### 編造

-於項目之根目錄，執下列令：
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-務必保汝已安裝爪哇十七或更高者。
+請觀[編造指南](./Building_zh.md)。

 ## 爪哇虛機之通弦（以資勘誤）

@@ -41,13 +41,7 @@ HMCL обладает отличной кроссплатформенность

 ### Сборка

-Выполните следующую команду в корневой директории проекта:
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-Убедитесь, что у вас установлена Java 17 или новее.
+См. страницу [Руководство по сборке](./Building.md).

 ## Параметры JVM (для отладки)

@@ -41,13 +41,7 @@ HMCL має чудові кросплатформні можливості. Ві

 ### Компіляція

-Просто виконайте наступну команду в кореневому каталозі проєкту:
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-Переконайтеся, що у вас встановлено Java 17 або новішої версії.
+Дивіться сторінку [Посібник зі збірки](./Building.md).

 ## JVM Options (for debugging)

@@ -47,15 +47,9 @@ HMCL 有着强大的跨平台能力。它不仅支持 Windows、Linux、macOS、
 * IDE：IntelliJ IDEA
 * 编译器：Java 17+

-### 编译
+### 构建 HMCL

-于项目根文件夹执行以下命令：
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-请确保你至少安装了 JDK 17 或更高版本。
+参见[构建指南](./Building_zh.md)页面。

 ## JVM 选项 (用于调试)

@@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ HMCL 有著強大的跨平臺能力。它不僅支援 Windows、Linux、macOS、

 ### 編譯

-於項目根目錄執行以下指令：
-
-```bash
-./gradlew clean build
-```
-
-請確保你至少安裝了 JDK 17 或更高版本。
+參閱[構建指南](./Building_zh.md)頁面。

 ## JVM 選項 (用於除錯)
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Glavo	1bbc6ef777	更新模组数据 (2025-11-07) (#4770 )	2025-11-09 20:57:10 +08:00
辞庐	f4c6a4f891	优化 Github Actions 构建速度 (#4745 )	2025-11-08 21:54:15 +08:00
Glavo	733b2c90c4	Fix #4538 : 删除实例失败时弹出对话框 (#4540 )	2025-11-08 21:52:01 +08:00
Glavo	81b61523df	使 NetworkUtils.doGet 支持更多 URI scheme (#4768 )	2025-11-08 21:51:28 +08:00
Glavo	d93f4d6bbb	添加对 25w45a_unobfuscated 的支持 (#4767 )	2025-11-08 21:50:16 +08:00
neveler	f0a16b0cd9	使用矩阵简化更新工作流 (#4725 )	2025-11-08 21:20:01 +08:00
Glavo	783cadcf77	从注册表中读取 Windows 版本信息 (#4760 )	2025-11-08 20:13:38 +08:00
Glavo	cbb4b0c51b	创建 ObservableSetting 辅助类 (#4719 )	2025-11-02 21:33:54 +08:00
Glavo	c4d9803177	更新 PLATFORM.md (#4750 )	2025-11-02 20:52:47 +08:00
Glavo	2ce4fcabcb	Revert #4453 : 恢复对 JavaFX 14 的兼容性 (#4749 )	2025-11-02 20:52:12 +08:00
Burning_TNT Glavo Copilot	3a30e5b048	修复 Terracotta 在 macOS 上的兼容性问题 (#4723 ) Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-11-02 20:29:41 +08:00
Glavo	49b0a99ced	优化检查更新日志的方式 (#4743 )	2025-11-02 20:27:25 +08:00
Wulian233	8f2c860242	更新 Chunkbase 种子版本 (#4742 )	2025-11-01 22:32:50 +08:00
Glavo	8c10775de9	在 PLATFORM.md 中记录启动器对平台的支持状态 (#4737 )	2025-11-01 16:46:38 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	b5bf7ce4d0	fix(i18n): update i18n for open dir button on instance `mods` tab (#4734 )	2025-11-01 16:46:13 +08:00
Glavo	bd6a6fa9b6	在不支持的平台上打开陶瓦联机页面时弹出提示 (#4735 )	2025-10-31 21:07:25 +08:00
Glavo	1c0ae3918d	修复 Platform.FREEBSD_X86_64 架构错误的问题 (#4736 )	2025-10-31 21:05:37 +08:00
Glavo	c6ce2df731	将官方群组入口重新移动到主界面 (#4727 )	2025-10-28 20:05:59 +08:00
Burning_TNT	18985c0b63	Bump Terracotta to 0.3.12 (#4724 )	2025-10-27 22:09:28 +08:00
Minecraft-温迪andGlavo	322e29642d	只在未被打包为 App 时设置 macOS Dock 栏图标 (#4698 ) Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com>	2025-10-27 21:45:13 +08:00
Glavo	a86e5d7bf5	Update PLATFORM.md (#4717 )	2025-10-27 21:23:29 +08:00
Glavo	c90eaa2937	Fix #4720 : 修复 JFXListViewSkin 创建大量平台线程的问题 (#4721 )	2025-10-27 21:20:32 +08:00
Glavo	defacb3554	限制 ./gradlew run 运行时的默认内存占用 (#4722 )	2025-10-27 20:51:51 +08:00
Glavo	0a66863272	重构 TerracottaMetadata (#4718 )	2025-10-26 20:21:29 +08:00
Glavo	d90df221bc	添加详细构建指南 (#4524 )	2025-10-26 15:53:15 +08:00
Glavo	fd7f909561	将 Localization.md 翻译至英语 (#4669 )	2025-10-24 11:55:14 +08:00
neveler	a921a11be6	Add tooltip to external link button (#4696 )	2025-10-22 21:53:17 +08:00
Glavoand3gf8jv4dv	7fbc99f3eb	优化没有可启动的游戏时的提示 (#4697 ) Co-authored-by: 3gf8jv4dv <3gf8jv4dv@gmail.com>	2025-10-22 20:45:56 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	7e40c799e5	style(l10n): simplify update button text in mod management header (#4712 )	2025-10-22 20:40:59 +08:00
Glavo	f2032ab7a8	使用 Translator 格式化下载速度 (#4709 )	2025-10-22 20:35:42 +08:00
GlavoandCopilot	d7c6a23dbe	通过解析 IANA 语言子标签注册表增强本地化功能 (#4675 ) Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-10-21 15:37:32 +08:00
Glavo	27e1e021d7	优化更新日志展示功能 (#4703 ) 1. 如果检测到是降级更新，则不展示更新日志； 2. 如果检测到最新更新日志和最新版本不匹配，则不显示更新日志； 3. 展示当前版本与 `nowchange`/`nowpreview` 之间的所有更新日志，而不只展示一个版本的日志。	2025-10-20 20:21:13 +08:00
Glavo	2516fb5d69	在陶瓦联机界面的启动游戏按钮中显示实例名称 (#4705 )	2025-10-20 20:08:31 +08:00
Burning_TNTandGlavo	d66c080dea	Feature: Download Terracotta binary from Gitee, CNB, alist (sponsored by 8mi) first in China mainland. (#4700 ) Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com>	2025-10-19 21:03:32 +08:00
Glavo	94ca81035b	优化陶瓦联机的复制邀请码功能 (#4687 )	2025-10-18 22:18:14 +08:00
Glavo	1ab414e702	优化 Task 的资源占用 (#4694 )	2025-10-18 21:50:23 +08:00
Glavo	16f6e89e45	删除 CompletableFutureTask.resolveException (#4690 )	2025-10-18 21:47:39 +08:00
Glavo	22f6bfd845	删除 VersionPage.Skin 中未使用的 BorderPane (#4695 )	2025-10-18 21:21:41 +08:00
Glavo	c4823b3e55	优化陶瓦联机用户须知对话框 (#4686 )	2025-10-18 20:25:00 +08:00
Glavo	e34ec9f801	调整陶瓦联机界面左侧按钮 (#4688 )	2025-10-18 20:20:17 +08:00
Burning_TNT	d2e87ba024	Bump Terracotta to 0.3.10. (#4682 )	2025-10-17 20:59:10 +08:00
Glavo	ffb50423af	Bump version root to 3.8 (#4676 )	2025-10-16 20:43:16 +08:00