优化模组管理布局 (#3229 )

Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com>
Fix Debug_zh.md (#4593 )
2025-10-03 21:20:52 +08:00 · 2025-10-03 21:02:49 +08:00 · 2025-10-03 20:02:14 +08:00 · 2025-10-03 20:01:08 +08:00 · 2025-10-03 19:59:43 +08:00 · 2025-10-03 19:56:59 +08:00
129 changed files with 6321 additions and 1179 deletions
@@ -1071,6 +1071,7 @@ ij_jsp_keep_indents_on_empty_lines = false
 ij_jspx_keep_indents_on_empty_lines = false

 [{*.markdown,*.md}]
+max_line_length = 200
 ij_markdown_force_one_space_after_blockquote_symbol = true
 ij_markdown_force_one_space_after_header_symbol = true
 ij_markdown_force_one_space_after_list_bullet = true
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ jobs:
          java-version: '17'
          java-package: 'jdk+fx'
      - name: Check Codes
-        run: ./gradlew checkstyle checkTranslations --no-daemon --parallel
+        run: ./gradlew checkstyle checkTranslations --no-daemon --parallel --stacktrace
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ name: Check Update

 on:
  workflow_dispatch:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '30 * * * *'
+#  schedule:
+#    - cron: '30 * * * *'

 permissions:
  contents: write
@@ -13,39 +13,27 @@ jobs:
    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'HMCL-dev' }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Set up JDK
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+        with:
+          distribution: 'temurin'
+          java-version: '25'
      - name: Fetch tags
        run: git fetch --all --tags
-      - name: Install tools
-        run: sudo apt-get install -y jq
      - name: Fetch last version
-        run: |
-          wget -O ci.json https://ci.huangyuhui.net/job/HMCL/lastSuccessfulBuild/api/json
-          
-          export HMCL_EXE_FILE_NAME=`cat ci.json | jq -M -r '.artifacts[] | select(.fileName | endswith(".exe")) | .fileName'`
-          if [ -z `echo $HMCL_EXE_FILE_NAME | grep -E "^HMCL-[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?\.exe\$"` ]; then exit 1; fi
-          
-          export HMCL_VERSION=`echo "${HMCL_EXE_FILE_NAME%.exe}" | tail -c +6`
-          export HMCL_COMMIT_SHA=`cat ci.json | jq -M -r '.actions[] | select(._class == "hudson.plugins.git.util.BuildData") | .lastBuiltRevision.SHA1'`
-
-          if [ "${#HMCL_COMMIT_SHA}" != 40 ]; then exit 1; fi
-
-          echo "HMCL_VERSION=$HMCL_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "HMCL_COMMIT_SHA=$HMCL_COMMIT_SHA" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "HMCL_TAG_NAME=v$HMCL_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        run: ./gradlew checkUpdateDev --no-daemon --info --stacktrace
      - name: Check for existing tags
        run: if [ -z "$(git tag -l "$HMCL_TAG_NAME")" ]; then echo "continue=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV; fi
      - name: Download artifacts
        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
        run: |
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256"
-        env:
-          DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL: https://ci.huangyuhui.net/job/HMCL/lastSuccessfulBuild/artifact/HMCL/build/libs
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256"
      - name: Generate release note
        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
        run: |
@@ -78,39 +66,28 @@ jobs:
    needs: dev-check-update
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Set up JDK
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+        with:
+          distribution: 'temurin'
+          java-version: '25'
      - name: Fetch tags
        run: git fetch --all --tags
-      - name: Install tools
-        run: sudo apt-get install -y jq
+
      - name: Fetch last version
-        run: |
-          wget -O ci.json https://ci.huangyuhui.net/job/HMCL-stable/lastSuccessfulBuild/api/json
-          
-          export HMCL_EXE_FILE_NAME=`cat ci.json | jq -M -r '.artifacts[] | select(.fileName | endswith(".exe")) | .fileName'`
-          if [ -z `echo $HMCL_EXE_FILE_NAME | grep -E "^HMCL-[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?\.exe\$"` ]; then exit 1; fi
-          
-          export HMCL_VERSION=`echo "${HMCL_EXE_FILE_NAME%.exe}" | tail -c +6`
-          export HMCL_COMMIT_SHA=`cat ci.json | jq -M -r '.actions[] | select(._class == "hudson.plugins.git.util.BuildData") | .lastBuiltRevision.SHA1'`
-
-          if [ "${#HMCL_COMMIT_SHA}" != 40 ]; then exit 1; fi
-
-          echo "HMCL_VERSION=$HMCL_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "HMCL_COMMIT_SHA=$HMCL_COMMIT_SHA" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "HMCL_TAG_NAME=release-$HMCL_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        run: ./gradlew checkUpdateStable --no-daemon --info --stacktrace
      - name: Check for existing tags
        run: if ! git tag -l | grep -q "$HMCL_TAG_NAME"; then echo "continue=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV; fi 
      - name: Download artifacts
        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
        run: |
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh"
-          wget "$DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256"
-        env:
-          DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL: https://ci.huangyuhui.net/job/HMCL-stable/lastSuccessfulBuild/artifact/HMCL/build/libs
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh"
+          wget "$HMCL_CI_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URI/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256"
      - name: Generate release note
        if: ${{ env.continue == 'true' }}
        run: |
@@ -122,9 +99,9 @@ jobs:
          echo "" >> RELEASE_NOTE
          echo "| File Name | SHA-256 Checksum |"  >> RELEASE_NOTE
          echo "| ---  | --- |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/release-$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe) | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256)\` |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/release-$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar) | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256)\` |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
-          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/release-$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh)   | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256)\` |"  >> RELEASE_NOTE
+          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/v$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe) | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.exe.sha256)\` |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
+          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/v$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar) | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.jar.sha256)\` |" >> RELEASE_NOTE
+          echo "| [HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh]($GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL/v$HMCL_VERSION/HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh)   | \`$(cat HMCL-$HMCL_VERSION.sh.sha256)\` |"  >> RELEASE_NOTE
        env:
          GH_DOWNLOAD_BASE_URL: https://github.com/HMCL-dev/HMCL/releases/download
      - name: Create release
@@ -139,3 +116,4 @@ jobs:
          target_commitish: ${{ env.HMCL_COMMIT_SHA }}
          name: ${{ env.HMCL_TAG_NAME }}
          tag_name: ${{ env.HMCL_TAG_NAME }}
+          prerelease: true
@@ -27,8 +27,24 @@ jobs:
        CURSEFORGE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.CURSEFORGE_API_KEY }}
    - name: Get short SHA
      run: echo "SHORT_SHA=${GITHUB_SHA::7}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-    - name: Upload Artifacts
+    - name: Upload JAR
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
-        name: HMCL-${{ env.SHORT_SHA }}
-        path: HMCL/build/libs
+        name: HMCL-${{ env.SHORT_SHA }}-jar
+        path: |
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.jar
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.jar.sha256
+    - name: Upload EXE
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: HMCL-${{ env.SHORT_SHA }}-exe
+        path: |
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.exe
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.exe.sha256
+    - name: Upload SH
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: HMCL-${{ env.SHORT_SHA }}-sh
+        path: |
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.sh
+          HMCL/build/libs/HMCL-*.sh.sha256
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@

 # virtual machine crash logs, see http://www.java.com/en/download/help/error_hotspot.xml
 hs_err_pid*
+*.hprof

 .gradle

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.CheckTranslations
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.ci.GitHubActionUtils
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.ci.JenkinsUtils
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n.CheckTranslations
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n.CreateLanguageList
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n.CreateLocaleNamesResourceBundle
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n.UpsideDownTranslate
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.mod.ParseModDataTask
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.utils.PropertiesUtils
 import java.net.URI
 import java.nio.file.FileSystems
 import java.nio.file.Files
@@ -13,30 +19,36 @@ plugins {
    alias(libs.plugins.shadow)
 }

-val isOfficial = System.getenv("HMCL_SIGNATURE_KEY") != null
-        || (System.getenv("GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER") == "HMCL-dev" && System.getenv("GITHUB_BASE_REF")
-    .isNullOrEmpty())
+val projectConfig = PropertiesUtils.load(rootProject.file("config/project.properties").toPath())
+
+val isOfficial = JenkinsUtils.IS_ON_CI || GitHubActionUtils.IS_ON_OFFICIAL_REPO

-val buildNumber = System.getenv("BUILD_NUMBER")?.toInt().let { number ->
-    val offset = System.getenv("BUILD_NUMBER_OFFSET")?.toInt() ?: 0
-    if (number != null) {
-        (number - offset).toString()
-    } else {
-        val shortCommit = System.getenv("GITHUB_SHA")?.lowercase()?.substring(0, 7)
-        val prefix = if (isOfficial) "dev" else "unofficial"
-        if (!shortCommit.isNullOrEmpty()) "$prefix-$shortCommit" else "SNAPSHOT"
-    }
-}
-val versionRoot = System.getenv("VERSION_ROOT") ?: "3.6"
 val versionType = System.getenv("VERSION_TYPE") ?: if (isOfficial) "nightly" else "unofficial"
+val versionRoot = System.getenv("VERSION_ROOT") ?: projectConfig.getProperty("versionRoot") ?: "3"

 val microsoftAuthId = System.getenv("MICROSOFT_AUTH_ID") ?: ""
 val microsoftAuthSecret = System.getenv("MICROSOFT_AUTH_SECRET") ?: ""
 val curseForgeApiKey = System.getenv("CURSEFORGE_API_KEY") ?: ""

-val launcherExe = System.getenv("HMCL_LAUNCHER_EXE")
+val launcherExe = System.getenv("HMCL_LAUNCHER_EXE") ?: ""

-version = "$versionRoot.$buildNumber"
+val buildNumber = System.getenv("BUILD_NUMBER")?.toInt()
+if (buildNumber != null) {
+    version = if (JenkinsUtils.IS_ON_CI && versionType == "dev") {
+        "$versionRoot.0.$buildNumber"
+    } else {
+        "$versionRoot.$buildNumber"
+    }
+} else {
+    val shortCommit = System.getenv("GITHUB_SHA")?.lowercase()?.substring(0, 7)
+    version = if (shortCommit.isNullOrBlank()) {
+        "$versionRoot.SNAPSHOT"
+    } else if (isOfficial) {
+        "$versionRoot.dev-$shortCommit"
+    } else {
+        "$versionRoot.unofficial-$shortCommit"
+    }
+}

 val embedResources by configurations.registering

@@ -47,7 +59,7 @@ dependencies {
    implementation(libs.twelvemonkeys.imageio.webp)
    implementation(libs.java.info)

-    if (launcherExe == null) {
+    if (launcherExe.isBlank()) {
        implementation(libs.hmclauncher)
    }

@@ -109,8 +121,25 @@ tasks.compileJava {
    options.compilerArgs.add("--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.loader=ALL-UNNAMED")
 }

+val addOpens = listOf(
+    "java.base/java.lang",
+    "java.base/java.lang.reflect",
+    "java.base/jdk.internal.loader",
+    "javafx.base/com.sun.javafx.binding",
+    "javafx.base/com.sun.javafx.event",
+    "javafx.base/com.sun.javafx.runtime",
+    "javafx.graphics/javafx.css",
+    "javafx.graphics/com.sun.javafx.stage",
+    "javafx.graphics/com.sun.prism",
+    "javafx.controls/com.sun.javafx.scene.control",
+    "javafx.controls/com.sun.javafx.scene.control.behavior",
+    "javafx.controls/javafx.scene.control.skin",
+    "jdk.attach/sun.tools.attach",
+)
+
 val hmclProperties = buildList {
    add("hmcl.version" to project.version.toString())
+    add("hmcl.add-opens" to addOpens.joinToString(" "))
    System.getenv("GITHUB_SHA")?.let {
        add("hmcl.version.hash" to it)
    }
@@ -137,22 +166,6 @@ val createPropertiesFile by tasks.registering {
    }
 }

-val addOpens = listOf(
-    "java.base/java.lang",
-    "java.base/java.lang.reflect",
-    "java.base/jdk.internal.loader",
-    "javafx.base/com.sun.javafx.binding",
-    "javafx.base/com.sun.javafx.event",
-    "javafx.base/com.sun.javafx.runtime",
-    "javafx.graphics/javafx.css",
-    "javafx.graphics/com.sun.javafx.stage",
-    "javafx.graphics/com.sun.prism",
-    "javafx.controls/com.sun.javafx.scene.control",
-    "javafx.controls/com.sun.javafx.scene.control.behavior",
-    "javafx.controls/javafx.scene.control.skin",
-    "jdk.attach/sun.tools.attach",
-)
-
 tasks.jar {
    enabled = false
    dependsOn(tasks["shadowJar"])
@@ -192,7 +205,7 @@ tasks.shadowJar {
        "Enable-Native-Access" to "ALL-UNNAMED"
    )

-    if (launcherExe != null) {
+    if (launcherExe.isNotBlank()) {
        into("assets") {
            from(file(launcherExe))
        }
@@ -206,11 +219,20 @@ tasks.shadowJar {

 tasks.processResources {
    dependsOn(createPropertiesFile)
+    dependsOn(upsideDownTranslate)
+    dependsOn(createLocaleNamesResourceBundle)
+    dependsOn(createLanguageList)

    into("assets/") {
        from(hmclPropertiesFile)
        from(embedResources)
    }
+
+    into("assets/lang") {
+        from(createLanguageList.map { it.outputFile })
+        from(upsideDownTranslate.map { it.outputFile })
+        from(createLocaleNamesResourceBundle.map { it.outputDirectory })
+    }
 }

 val makeExecutables by tasks.registering {
@@ -344,6 +366,29 @@ tasks.register<CheckTranslations>("checkTranslations") {
    classicalChineseFile.set(dir.file("I18N_lzh.properties"))
 }

+// l10n
+
+val generatedDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("generated")
+
+val upsideDownTranslate by tasks.registering(UpsideDownTranslate::class) {
+    inputFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("src/main/resources/assets/lang/I18N.properties"))
+    outputFile.set(generatedDir.map { it.file("generated/i18n/I18N_en_Qabs.properties") })
+}
+
+val createLanguageList by tasks.registering(CreateLanguageList::class) {
+    resourceBundleDir.set(layout.projectDirectory.dir("src/main/resources/assets/lang"))
+    resourceBundleBaseName.set("I18N")
+    additionalLanguages.set(listOf("en-Qabs"))
+    outputFile.set(generatedDir.map { it.file("languages.json") })
+}
+
+val createLocaleNamesResourceBundle by tasks.registering(CreateLocaleNamesResourceBundle::class) {
+    dependsOn(createLanguageList)
+
+    languagesFile.set(createLanguageList.flatMap { it.outputFile })
+    outputDirectory.set(generatedDir.map { it.dir("generated/LocaleNames") })
+}
+
 // mcmod data

 tasks.register<ParseModDataTask>("parseModData") {
@@ -46,21 +46,7 @@ public final class EntryPoint {
        createHMCLDirectories();
        LOG.start(Metadata.HMCL_CURRENT_DIRECTORY.resolve("logs"));

-        if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getenv("HMCL_FORCE_GPU")))
-            System.getProperties().putIfAbsent("prism.forceGPU", "true");
-
-        String animationFrameRate = System.getenv("HMCL_ANIMATION_FRAME_RATE");
-        if (animationFrameRate != null) {
-            try {
-                if (Integer.parseInt(animationFrameRate) <= 0)
-                    throw new NumberFormatException(animationFrameRate);
-
-                System.getProperties().putIfAbsent("javafx.animation.pulse", animationFrameRate);
-            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
-                LOG.warning("Invalid animation frame rate: " + animationFrameRate);
-            }
-        }
-
+        setupJavaFXVMOptions();
        checkDirectoryPath();

        if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.MACOS)
@@ -80,6 +66,71 @@ public final class EntryPoint {
        System.exit(exitCode);
    }

+    private static void setupJavaFXVMOptions() {
+        if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getenv("HMCL_FORCE_GPU"))) {
+            LOG.info("HMCL_FORCE_GPU: true");
+            System.getProperties().putIfAbsent("prism.forceGPU", "true");
+        }
+
+        String animationFrameRate = System.getenv("HMCL_ANIMATION_FRAME_RATE");
+        if (animationFrameRate != null) {
+            LOG.info("HMCL_ANIMATION_FRAME_RATE: " + animationFrameRate);
+
+            try {
+                if (Integer.parseInt(animationFrameRate) <= 0)
+                    throw new NumberFormatException(animationFrameRate);
+
+                System.getProperties().putIfAbsent("javafx.animation.pulse", animationFrameRate);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                LOG.warning("Invalid animation frame rate: " + animationFrameRate);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String uiScale = System.getProperty("hmcl.uiScale", System.getenv("HMCL_UI_SCALE"));
+        if (uiScale != null) {
+            uiScale = uiScale.trim();
+
+            LOG.info("HMCL_UI_SCALE: " + uiScale);
+
+            try {
+                float scaleValue;
+                if (uiScale.endsWith("%")) {
+                    scaleValue = Integer.parseInt(uiScale.substring(0, uiScale.length() - 1)) / 100.0f;
+                } else if (uiScale.endsWith("dpi") || uiScale.endsWith("DPI")) {
+                    scaleValue = Integer.parseInt(uiScale.substring(0, uiScale.length() - 3)) / 96.0f;
+                } else {
+                    scaleValue = Float.parseFloat(uiScale);
+                }
+
+                float lowerBound;
+                float upperBound;
+
+                if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.WINDOWS) {
+                    // JavaFX behavior may be abnormal when the DPI scaling factor is too high
+                    lowerBound = 0.25f;
+                    upperBound = 4f;
+                } else {
+                    lowerBound = 0.01f;
+                    upperBound = 10f;
+                }
+
+                if (scaleValue >= lowerBound && scaleValue <= upperBound) {
+                    if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.WINDOWS) {
+                        System.getProperties().putIfAbsent("glass.win.uiScale", uiScale);
+                    } else if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.MACOS) {
+                        LOG.warning("macOS does not support setting UI scale, so it will be ignored");
+                    } else {
+                        System.getProperties().putIfAbsent("glass.gtk.uiScale", uiScale);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    LOG.warning("UI scale out of range: " + uiScale);
+                }
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.warning("Invalid UI scale: " + uiScale);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    private static void createHMCLDirectories() {
        if (!Files.isDirectory(Metadata.HMCL_CURRENT_DIRECTORY)) {
            try {
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ public final class HMCLGameLauncher extends DefaultLauncher {
        }

        Locale locale = Locale.getDefault();
-        if (LocaleUtils.isEnglish(locale))
-            return;

        /*
         *  1.0         : No language option, do not set for these versions
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ public final class HMCLGameLauncher extends DefaultLauncher {
    private static String normalizedLanguageTag(Locale locale, GameVersionNumber gameVersion) {
        String region = locale.getCountry();

-        return switch (LocaleUtils.getISO1Language(locale)) {
+        return switch (LocaleUtils.getRootLanguage(locale)) {
            case "es" -> "es_ES";
            case "ja" -> "ja_JP";
            case "ru" -> "ru_RU";
@@ -129,6 +127,13 @@ public final class HMCLGameLauncher extends DefaultLauncher {
                }
                yield "zh_CN";
            }
+            case "en" -> {
+                if ("Qabs".equals(LocaleUtils.getScript(locale)) && gameVersion.compareTo("1.16") >= 0) {
+                    yield "en_UD";
+                }
+
+                yield "";
+            }
            default -> "";
        };
    }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public final class HMCLModpackProvider implements ModpackProvider {
        return manifest;
    }

-    private static class HMCLModpack extends Modpack {
+    private final static class HMCLModpack extends Modpack {
        @Override
        public Task<?> getInstallTask(DefaultDependencyManager dependencyManager, Path zipFile, String name) {
            return new HMCLModpackInstallTask(((HMCLGameRepository) dependencyManager.getGameRepository()).getProfile(), zipFile, this, name);
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;

@@ -706,6 +707,7 @@ public final class LauncherHelper {
     */
    private final class HMCLProcessListener implements ProcessListener {

+        private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        private final HMCLGameRepository repository;
        private final Version version;
        private final LaunchOptions launchOptions;
@@ -849,21 +851,27 @@ public final class LauncherHelper {
                    level = Lang.requireNonNullElse(Log4jLevel.guessLevel(log), Log4jLevel.INFO);
                logBuffer.add(new Log(log, level));
            } else {
-                synchronized (this) {
+                lock.lock();
+                try {
                    logs.addLast(new Log(log, level));
                    if (logs.size() > Log.getLogLines())
                        logs.removeFirst();
+                } finally {
+                    lock.unlock();
                }
            }

            if (!lwjgl) {
                String lowerCaseLog = log.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
                if (!detectWindow || lowerCaseLog.contains("lwjgl version") || lowerCaseLog.contains("lwjgl openal")) {
-                    synchronized (this) {
+                    lock.lock();
+                    try {
                        if (!lwjgl) {
                            lwjgl = true;
                            finishLaunch();
                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        lock.unlock();
                    }
                }
            }
@@ -888,9 +896,12 @@ public final class LauncherHelper {

            // Game crashed before opening the game window.
            if (!lwjgl) {
-                synchronized (this) {
+                lock.lock();
+                try {
                    if (!lwjgl)
                        finishLaunch();
+                } finally {
+                    lock.unlock();
                }
            }

@@ -904,7 +915,15 @@ public final class LauncherHelper {

    }

-    public static final Queue<WeakReference<ManagedProcess>> PROCESSES = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+    private static final Queue<WeakReference<ManagedProcess>> PROCESSES = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+
+    public static int countMangedProcesses() {
+        PROCESSES.removeIf(it -> {
+            ManagedProcess process = it.get();
+            return process == null || !process.isRunning();
+        });
+        return PROCESSES.size();
+    }

    public static void stopManagedProcesses() {
        while (!PROCESSES.isEmpty())
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.auth.authlibinjector.AuthlibInjectorServer;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.java.JavaRuntime;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.*;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.Locales;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.Locales.SupportedLocale;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.SupportedLocale;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.DirtyTracker;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.ObservableHelper;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
@@ -222,7 +221,7 @@ public final class Config implements Observable {
    }

    @SerializedName("localization")
-    private final ObjectProperty<SupportedLocale> localization = new SimpleObjectProperty<>(Locales.DEFAULT);
+    private final ObjectProperty<SupportedLocale> localization = new SimpleObjectProperty<>(SupportedLocale.DEFAULT);

    public ObjectProperty<SupportedLocale> localizationProperty() {
        return localization;
@@ -251,6 +250,21 @@ public final class Config implements Observable {
        this.promptedVersion.set(promptedVersion);
    }

+    @SerializedName("acceptPreviewUpdate")
+    private final BooleanProperty acceptPreviewUpdate = new SimpleBooleanProperty(false);
+
+    public BooleanProperty acceptPreviewUpdateProperty() {
+        return acceptPreviewUpdate;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isAcceptPreviewUpdate() {
+        return acceptPreviewUpdate.get();
+    }
+
+    public void setAcceptPreviewUpdate(boolean acceptPreviewUpdate) {
+        this.acceptPreviewUpdate.set(acceptPreviewUpdate);
+    }
+
    @SerializedName("shownTips")
    private final ObservableMap<String, Object> shownTips = FXCollections.observableHashMap();

@@ -31,23 +31,21 @@ import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
 import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
 import java.net.URI;
 import java.nio.file.AccessDeniedException;
-import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
-import java.util.stream.Stream;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.ConfigHolder.config;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.FetchTask.DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY;
-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang.mapOf;
-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Pair.pair;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;

 public final class DownloadProviders {
-    private DownloadProviders() {}
+    private DownloadProviders() {
+    }

-    private static DownloadProvider currentDownloadProvider;
+    private static final DownloadProviderWrapper provider;

    public static final Map<String, DownloadProvider> providersById;
    public static final Map<String, DownloadProvider> rawProviders;
@@ -59,6 +57,7 @@ public final class DownloadProviders {
    public static final String DEFAULT_PROVIDER_ID = "balanced";
    public static final String DEFAULT_RAW_PROVIDER_ID = "bmclapi";

+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private static final InvalidationListener observer;

    static {
@@ -68,71 +67,68 @@ public final class DownloadProviders {

        MOJANG = new MojangDownloadProvider();
        BMCLAPI = new BMCLAPIDownloadProvider(bmclapiRoot);
-        rawProviders = mapOf(
-                pair("mojang", MOJANG),
-                pair("bmclapi", BMCLAPI)
+        rawProviders = Map.of(
+                "mojang", MOJANG,
+                "bmclapi", BMCLAPI
        );

        AdaptedDownloadProvider fileProvider = new AdaptedDownloadProvider();
-        fileProvider.setDownloadProviderCandidates(Arrays.asList(BMCLAPI, MOJANG));
+        fileProvider.setDownloadProviderCandidates(List.of(BMCLAPI, MOJANG));
        BalancedDownloadProvider balanced = new BalancedDownloadProvider(MOJANG, BMCLAPI);

-        providersById = mapOf(
-                pair("official", new AutoDownloadProvider(MOJANG, fileProvider)),
-                pair("balanced", new AutoDownloadProvider(balanced, fileProvider)),
-                pair("mirror", new AutoDownloadProvider(BMCLAPI, fileProvider)));
+        providersById = Map.of(
+                "official", new AutoDownloadProvider(MOJANG, fileProvider),
+                "balanced", new AutoDownloadProvider(balanced, fileProvider),
+                "mirror", new AutoDownloadProvider(BMCLAPI, fileProvider));

        observer = FXUtils.observeWeak(() -> {
            FetchTask.setDownloadExecutorConcurrency(
                    config().getAutoDownloadThreads() ? DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY : config().getDownloadThreads());
        }, config().autoDownloadThreadsProperty(), config().downloadThreadsProperty());
+
+        provider = new DownloadProviderWrapper(MOJANG);
    }

    static void init() {
-        FXUtils.onChangeAndOperate(config().versionListSourceProperty(), versionListSource -> {
-            if (!providersById.containsKey(versionListSource)) {
-                config().setVersionListSource(DEFAULT_PROVIDER_ID);
-                return;
+        InvalidationListener onChangeDownloadSource = observable -> {
+            String versionListSource = Objects.requireNonNullElse(config().getVersionListSource(), "");
+            if (config().isAutoChooseDownloadType()) {
+                DownloadProvider currentDownloadProvider = providersById.get(versionListSource);
+                if (currentDownloadProvider == null)
+                    currentDownloadProvider = Objects.requireNonNull(providersById.get(DEFAULT_PROVIDER_ID),
+                            "default provider is null");
+
+                provider.setProvider(currentDownloadProvider);
+            } else {
+                provider.setProvider(fileDownloadProvider);
            }
+        };
+        config().versionListSourceProperty().addListener(onChangeDownloadSource);
+        config().autoChooseDownloadTypeProperty().addListener(onChangeDownloadSource);

-            currentDownloadProvider = Optional.ofNullable(providersById.get(versionListSource))
-                    .orElse(providersById.get(DEFAULT_PROVIDER_ID));
-        });
-
-        if (!rawProviders.containsKey(config().getDownloadType())) {
-            config().setDownloadType(DEFAULT_RAW_PROVIDER_ID);
-        }
+        onChangeDownloadSource.invalidated(null);

        FXUtils.onChangeAndOperate(config().downloadTypeProperty(), downloadType -> {
-            DownloadProvider primary = Optional.ofNullable(rawProviders.get(downloadType))
-                    .orElse(rawProviders.get(DEFAULT_RAW_PROVIDER_ID));
-            fileDownloadProvider.setDownloadProviderCandidates(
-                    Stream.concat(
-                            Stream.of(primary),
-                            rawProviders.values().stream().filter(x -> x != primary)
-                    ).collect(Collectors.toList())
-            );
+            DownloadProvider primary = Objects.requireNonNullElseGet(
+                    rawProviders.get(Objects.requireNonNullElse(downloadType, "")),
+                    () -> rawProviders.get(DEFAULT_RAW_PROVIDER_ID));
+
+            List<DownloadProvider> providers = new ArrayList<>(rawProviders.size());
+            providers.add(primary);
+            for (DownloadProvider provider : rawProviders.values()) {
+                if (provider != primary)
+                    providers.add(provider);
+            }
+
+            fileDownloadProvider.setDownloadProviderCandidates(providers);
        });
    }

-    public static String getPrimaryDownloadProviderId() {
-        String downloadType = config().getDownloadType();
-        if (providersById.containsKey(downloadType))
-            return downloadType;
-        else
-            return DEFAULT_PROVIDER_ID;
-    }
-
-    public static DownloadProvider getDownloadProviderByPrimaryId(String primaryId) {
-        return Optional.ofNullable(providersById.get(primaryId))
-                .orElse(providersById.get(DEFAULT_PROVIDER_ID));
-    }
-
    /**
     * Get current primary preferred download provider
     */
    public static DownloadProvider getDownloadProvider() {
-        return config().isAutoChooseDownloadType() ? currentDownloadProvider : fileDownloadProvider;
+        return provider;
    }

    public static String localizeErrorMessage(Throwable exception) {
@@ -48,4 +48,8 @@ public enum VersionIconType {
    public Image getIcon() {
        return FXUtils.newBuiltinImage(resourceUrl);
    }
+
+    public Image getIcon(int size) {
+        return FXUtils.newBuiltinImage(resourceUrl, size, size, true, true);
+    }
 }
@@ -771,6 +771,7 @@ public final class VersionSetting implements Cloneable, Observable {
            obj.addProperty("wrapper", src.getWrapper());
            obj.addProperty("fullscreen", src.isFullscreen());
            obj.addProperty("noJVMArgs", src.isNoJVMArgs());
+            obj.addProperty("noOptimizingJVMArgs", src.isNoOptimizingJVMArgs());
            obj.addProperty("notCheckGame", src.isNotCheckGame());
            obj.addProperty("notCheckJVM", src.isNotCheckJVM());
            obj.addProperty("notPatchNatives", src.isNotPatchNatives());
@@ -841,6 +842,7 @@ public final class VersionSetting implements Cloneable, Observable {
            vs.setNativesDir(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("nativesDir")).map(JsonElement::getAsString).orElse(""));
            vs.setFullscreen(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("fullscreen")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false));
            vs.setNoJVMArgs(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("noJVMArgs")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false));
+            vs.setNoOptimizingJVMArgs(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("noOptimizingJVMArgs")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false));
            vs.setNotCheckGame(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("notCheckGame")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false));
            vs.setNotCheckJVM(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("notCheckJVM")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false));
            vs.setNotPatchNatives(Optional.ofNullable(obj.get("notPatchNatives")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false));
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta;
+
+import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+import javafx.application.Platform;
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper;
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyObjectProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyObjectWrapper;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.auth.Account;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Accounts;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.DownloadException;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.GetTask;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Schedulers;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider.ITerracottaProvider;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.InvocationDispatcher;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.ManagedProcess;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.SystemUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree.TarFileTree;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
+
+public final class TerracottaManager {
+    private TerracottaManager() {
+    }
+
+    private static final AtomicReference<TerracottaState> STATE_V = new AtomicReference<>(TerracottaState.Bootstrap.INSTANCE);
+    private static final ReadOnlyObjectWrapper<TerracottaState> STATE = new ReadOnlyObjectWrapper<>(STATE_V.getPlain());
+    private static final InvocationDispatcher<TerracottaState> STATE_D = InvocationDispatcher.runOn(Platform::runLater, STATE::set);
+
+    static {
+        Task.runAsync(() -> {
+            if (TerracottaMetadata.PROVIDER == null) {
+                setState(new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.OS));
+                LOG.warning("Terracotta hasn't support your OS: " + org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.Platform.SYSTEM_PLATFORM);
+            } else {
+                switch (TerracottaMetadata.PROVIDER.status()) {
+                    case NOT_EXIST -> setState(new TerracottaState.Uninitialized(false));
+                    case LEGACY_VERSION -> setState(new TerracottaState.Uninitialized(true));
+                    case READY -> launch(setState(new TerracottaState.Launching()));
+                }
+            }
+        }).whenComplete(exception -> {
+            if (exception != null) {
+                compareAndSet(TerracottaState.Bootstrap.INSTANCE, new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.UNKNOWN));
+            }
+        }).start();
+    }
+
+    public static ReadOnlyObjectProperty<TerracottaState> stateProperty() {
+        return STATE.getReadOnlyProperty();
+    }
+
+    static {
+        Lang.thread(() -> {
+            while (true) {
+                TerracottaState state = STATE_V.get();
+                if (!(state instanceof TerracottaState.PortSpecific portSpecific)) {
+                    LockSupport.parkNanos(500_000);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int port = portSpecific.port;
+                int index = state instanceof TerracottaState.Ready ready ? ready.index : Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+
+                TerracottaState next;
+                try {
+                    next = new GetTask(URI.create(String.format("http://127.0.0.1:%d/state", port)))
+                            .setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR)
+                            .thenApplyAsync(jsonString -> {
+                                TerracottaState.Ready object = JsonUtils.fromNonNullJson(jsonString, TypeToken.get(TerracottaState.Ready.class));
+                                if (object.index <= index) {
+                                    return null;
+                                }
+
+                                object.port = port;
+                                return object;
+                            })
+                            .setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR)
+                            .run();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    LOG.warning("Cannot fetch state from Terracotta.", e);
+                    next = new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.TERRACOTTA);
+                }
+
+                if (next != null) {
+                    compareAndSet(state, next);
+                }
+
+                LockSupport.parkNanos(500_000);
+            }
+        }, "Terracotta Background Daemon", true);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean validate(Path file) {
+        return FileUtils.getName(file).equalsIgnoreCase(TerracottaMetadata.PACKAGE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    public static TerracottaState.Preparing install(@Nullable Path file) {
+        FXUtils.checkFxUserThread();
+
+        TerracottaState state = STATE_V.get();
+        if (!(state instanceof TerracottaState.Uninitialized ||
+                state instanceof TerracottaState.Preparing preparing && preparing.hasInstallFence() ||
+                state instanceof TerracottaState.Fatal && ((TerracottaState.Fatal) state).isRecoverable())
+        ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (file != null && !FileUtils.getName(file).equalsIgnoreCase(TerracottaMetadata.PACKAGE_NAME)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        TerracottaState.Preparing preparing;
+        if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Preparing it) {
+            preparing = it;
+        } else {
+            preparing = new TerracottaState.Preparing(new ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper(-1));
+        }
+
+        Task.supplyAsync(Schedulers.io(), () -> {
+            return file != null ? TarFileTree.open(file) : null;
+        }).thenComposeAsync(Schedulers.javafx(), tree -> {
+            return getProvider().install(preparing, tree).whenComplete(exception -> {
+                if (tree != null) {
+                    tree.close();
+                }
+                if (exception != null) {
+                    throw exception;
+                }
+            });
+        }).whenComplete(exception -> {
+            if (exception == null) {
+                try {
+                    TerracottaMetadata.removeLegacyVersionFiles();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.warning("Unable to remove legacy terracotta files.", e);
+                }
+
+                TerracottaState.Launching launching = new TerracottaState.Launching();
+                if (compareAndSet(preparing, launching)) {
+                    launch(launching);
+                }
+            } else if (exception instanceof ITerracottaProvider.ArchiveFileMissingException) {
+                LOG.warning("Cannot install terracotta from local package.", exception);
+                compareAndSet(preparing, new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.INSTALL));
+            } else if (exception instanceof DownloadException) {
+                compareAndSet(preparing, new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.NETWORK));
+            } else {
+                compareAndSet(preparing, new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.INSTALL));
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        return setState(preparing);
+    }
+
+    private static ITerracottaProvider getProvider() {
+        ITerracottaProvider provider = TerracottaMetadata.PROVIDER;
+        if (provider == null) {
+            throw new AssertionError("Terracotta Provider must NOT be null.");
+        }
+        return provider;
+    }
+
+    public static TerracottaState recover(@Nullable Path file) {
+        FXUtils.checkFxUserThread();
+
+        TerracottaState state = STATE_V.get();
+        if (!(state instanceof TerracottaState.Fatal && ((TerracottaState.Fatal) state).isRecoverable())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return switch (getProvider().status()) {
+                case NOT_EXIST, LEGACY_VERSION -> install(file);
+                case READY -> {
+                    TerracottaState.Launching launching = setState(new TerracottaState.Launching());
+                    launch(launching);
+                    yield launching;
+                }
+            };
+        } catch (NullPointerException | IOException e) {
+            LOG.warning("Cannot determine Terracotta state.", e);
+            return setState(new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.UNKNOWN));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void launch(TerracottaState.Launching state) {
+        Task.supplyAsync(() -> {
+            Path path = Files.createTempDirectory(String.format("hmcl-terracotta-%d", ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextLong())).resolve("http").toAbsolutePath();
+            ManagedProcess process = new ManagedProcess(new ProcessBuilder(getProvider().ofCommandLine(path)));
+            process.pumpInputStream(SystemUtils::onLogLine);
+            process.pumpErrorStream(SystemUtils::onLogLine);
+
+            long exitTime = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                if (Files.exists(path)) {
+                    JsonObject object = JsonUtils.fromNonNullJson(Files.readString(path), JsonObject.class);
+                    return object.get("port").getAsInt();
+                }
+
+                if (!process.isRunning()) {
+                    if (exitTime == -1) {
+                        exitTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                    } else if (System.currentTimeMillis() - exitTime >= 10000) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("Process has exited for 10s.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }).whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (port, exception) -> {
+            TerracottaState next;
+            if (exception == null) {
+                next = new TerracottaState.Unknown(port);
+            } else {
+                next = new TerracottaState.Fatal(TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.TERRACOTTA);
+            }
+            compareAndSet(state, next);
+        }).start();
+    }
+
+    public static Task<String> exportLogs() {
+        if (STATE_V.get() instanceof TerracottaState.PortSpecific portSpecific) {
+            return new GetTask(URI.create(String.format("http://127.0.0.1:%d/log?fetch=true", portSpecific.port)))
+                    .setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR);
+        }
+        return Task.completed(null);
+    }
+
+    public static TerracottaState.Waiting setWaiting() {
+        TerracottaState state = STATE_V.get();
+        if (state instanceof TerracottaState.PortSpecific portSpecific) {
+            new GetTask(URI.create(String.format("http://127.0.0.1:%d/state/ide", portSpecific.port)))
+                    .setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR)
+                    .start();
+            return new TerracottaState.Waiting(-1, -1, null);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static String getPlayerName() {
+        Account account = Accounts.getSelectedAccount();
+        return account != null ? account.getCharacter() : i18n("terracotta.player_anonymous");
+    }
+
+    public static TerracottaState.HostScanning setScanning() {
+        TerracottaState state = STATE_V.get();
+        if (state instanceof TerracottaState.PortSpecific portSpecific) {
+            new GetTask(NetworkUtils.toURI(String.format(
+                    "http://127.0.0.1:%d/state/scanning?player=%s", portSpecific.port, getPlayerName()))
+            ).setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR).start();
+
+            return new TerracottaState.HostScanning(-1, -1, null);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Task<TerracottaState.GuestStarting> setGuesting(String room) {
+        TerracottaState state = STATE_V.get();
+        if (state instanceof TerracottaState.PortSpecific portSpecific) {
+            return new GetTask(NetworkUtils.toURI(String.format(
+                    "http://127.0.0.1:%d/state/guesting?room=%s&player=%s", portSpecific.port, room, getPlayerName()
+            )))
+                    .setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR)
+                    .thenSupplyAsync(() -> new TerracottaState.GuestStarting(-1, -1, null))
+                    .setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T extends TerracottaState> T setState(T value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            throw new AssertionError();
+        }
+
+        STATE_V.set(value);
+        STATE_D.accept(value);
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean compareAndSet(TerracottaState previous, TerracottaState next) {
+        if (next == null) {
+            throw new AssertionError();
+        }
+
+        if (STATE_V.compareAndSet(previous, next)) {
+            STATE_D.accept(next);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta;
+
+import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.Metadata;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.FileDownloadTask;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider.GeneralProvider;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider.ITerracottaProvider;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider.MacOSProvider;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.LocalizedText;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.Architecture;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OSVersion;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OperatingSystem;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.file.DirectoryStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
+
+public final class TerracottaMetadata {
+    private TerracottaMetadata() {
+    }
+
+    public record Link(@SerializedName("desc") LocalizedText description, String link) {
+    }
+
+    private record Config(
+            @SerializedName("version_legacy") String legacy,
+            @SerializedName("version_recent") List<String> recent,
+            @SerializedName("version_latest") String latest,
+
+            @SerializedName("classifiers") Map<String, String> classifiers,
+            @SerializedName("downloads") List<String> downloads,
+            @SerializedName("links") List<Link> links
+    ) {
+        private TerracottaNative of(String classifier) {
+            List<URI> links = new ArrayList<>(this.downloads.size());
+            for (String download : this.downloads) {
+                links.add(URI.create(download.replace("${version}", this.latest).replace("${classifier}", classifier)));
+            }
+
+            String hash = Objects.requireNonNull(this.classifiers.get(classifier), String.format("Classifier %s doesn't exist.", classifier));
+            if (!hash.startsWith("sha256:")) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Invalid hash value %s for classifier %s.", hash, classifier));
+            }
+            hash = hash.substring("sha256:".length());
+
+            return new TerracottaNative(
+                    Collections.unmodifiableList(links),
+                    Metadata.DEPENDENCIES_DIRECTORY.resolve(
+                            String.format("terracotta/%s/terracotta-%s-%s", this.latest, this.latest, classifier)
+                    ).toAbsolutePath(),
+                    new FileDownloadTask.IntegrityCheck("SHA-256", hash)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final ITerracottaProvider PROVIDER;
+    public static final String PACKAGE_NAME;
+    private static final List<Link> PACKAGE_LINKS;
+
+    private static final Pattern LEGACY;
+    private static final List<String> RECENT;
+    private static final String LATEST;
+
+    static {
+        Config config;
+        try (InputStream is = TerracottaMetadata.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/terracotta.json")) {
+            config = JsonUtils.fromNonNullJsonFully(is, Config.class);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
+        }
+
+        LEGACY = Pattern.compile(config.legacy);
+        RECENT = config.recent;
+        LATEST = config.latest;
+
+        ProviderContext context = locateProvider(config);
+        PROVIDER = context != null ? context.provider() : null;
+        PACKAGE_NAME = context != null ? String.format("terracotta-%s-%s-pkg.tar.gz", config.latest, context.branch) : null;
+
+        if (context != null) {
+            List<Link> packageLinks = new ArrayList<>(config.links.size());
+            for (Link link : config.links) {
+                packageLinks.add(new Link(
+                        link.description,
+                        link.link.replace("${version}", LATEST)
+                                .replace("${classifier}", context.branch)
+                ));
+            }
+
+            Collections.shuffle(packageLinks);
+            PACKAGE_LINKS = Collections.unmodifiableList(packageLinks);
+        } else {
+            PACKAGE_LINKS = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private record ProviderContext(ITerracottaProvider provider, String branch) {
+        ProviderContext(ITerracottaProvider provider, String system, String arch) {
+            this(provider, system + "-" + arch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static List<Link> getPackageLinks() {
+        return PACKAGE_LINKS;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private static ProviderContext locateProvider(Config config) {
+        String architecture = switch (Architecture.SYSTEM_ARCH) {
+            case X86_64 -> "x86_64";
+            case ARM64 -> "arm64";
+            default -> null;
+        };
+        if (architecture == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return switch (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS) {
+            case WINDOWS -> {
+                if (OperatingSystem.SYSTEM_VERSION.isAtLeast(OSVersion.WINDOWS_8_1)) {
+                    yield new ProviderContext(
+                            new GeneralProvider(config.of(String.format("windows-%s.exe", architecture))),
+                            "windows", architecture
+                    );
+                }
+                yield null;
+            }
+            case LINUX -> new ProviderContext(
+                    new GeneralProvider(config.of(String.format("linux-%s", architecture))),
+                    "linux", architecture
+            );
+            case MACOS -> new ProviderContext(
+                    new MacOSProvider(
+                            config.of(String.format("macos-%s.pkg", architecture)),
+                            config.of(String.format("macos-%s", architecture))
+                    ),
+                    "macos", architecture
+            );
+            default -> null;
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static void removeLegacyVersionFiles() throws IOException {
+        try (DirectoryStream<Path> terracotta = Files.newDirectoryStream(Metadata.DEPENDENCIES_DIRECTORY.resolve("terracotta").toAbsolutePath())) {
+            for (Path path : terracotta) {
+                String name = FileUtils.getName(path);
+                if (LATEST.equals(name) || RECENT.contains(name) || !LEGACY.matcher(name).matches()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    FileUtils.deleteDirectory(path);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.warning(String.format("Unable to remove legacy terracotta files: %s", path), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean hasLegacyVersionFiles() throws IOException {
+        try (DirectoryStream<Path> terracotta = Files.newDirectoryStream(Metadata.DEPENDENCIES_DIRECTORY.resolve("terracotta").toAbsolutePath())) {
+            for (Path path : terracotta) {
+                String name = FileUtils.getName(path);
+                if (!LATEST.equals(name) && (RECENT.contains(name) || LEGACY.matcher(name).matches())) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta;
+
+import kala.compress.archivers.tar.TarArchiveEntry;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.FileDownloadTask;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider.ITerracottaProvider;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.DigestUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree.TarFileTree;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.util.HexFormat;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
+
+public final class TerracottaNative {
+    private final List<URI> links;
+    private final FileDownloadTask.IntegrityCheck checking;
+    private final Path path;
+
+    public TerracottaNative(List<URI> links, Path path, FileDownloadTask.IntegrityCheck checking) {
+        this.links = links;
+        this.path = path;
+        this.checking = checking;
+    }
+
+    public Path getPath() {
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    public Task<?> install(ITerracottaProvider.Context context, @Nullable TarFileTree tree) {
+        if (tree == null) {
+            return new FileDownloadTask(links, path, checking) {
+                @Override
+                protected Context getContext(HttpResponse<?> response, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
+                    Context delegate = super.getContext(response, checkETag, bmclapiHash);
+                    return new Context() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void withResult(boolean success) {
+                            delegate.withResult(success);
+                        }
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int len) throws IOException {
+                            if (!context.hasInstallFence()) {
+                                throw new CancellationException("User has installed terracotta from local archives.");
+                            }
+                            delegate.write(buffer, offset, len);
+                        }
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void close() throws IOException {
+                            if (isSuccess() && !context.requestInstallFence()) {
+                                throw new CancellationException();
+                            }
+
+                            delegate.close();
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        return Task.runAsync(() -> {
+            String name = FileUtils.getName(path);
+            TarArchiveEntry entry = tree.getRoot().getFiles().get(name);
+            if (entry == null) {
+                throw new ITerracottaProvider.ArchiveFileMissingException("Cannot exact entry: " + name);
+            }
+
+            if (!context.requestInstallFence()) {
+                throw new CancellationException();
+            }
+
+            Files.createDirectories(path.toAbsolutePath().getParent());
+
+            MessageDigest digest = DigestUtils.getDigest(checking.getAlgorithm());
+            try (
+                    InputStream stream = tree.getInputStream(entry);
+                    OutputStream os = Files.newOutputStream(path)
+            ) {
+                stream.transferTo(new OutputStream() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void write(int b) throws IOException {
+                        os.write(b);
+                        digest.update((byte) b);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void write(byte @NotNull [] buffer, int offset, int len) throws IOException {
+                        os.write(buffer, offset, len);
+                        digest.update(buffer, offset, len);
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            String checksum = HexFormat.of().formatHex(digest.digest());
+            if (!checksum.equalsIgnoreCase(checking.getChecksum())) {
+                Files.delete(path);
+                throw new ITerracottaProvider.ArchiveFileMissingException("Incorrect checksum (" + checking.getAlgorithm() + "), expected: " + checking.getChecksum() + ", actual: " + checksum);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    public ITerracottaProvider.Status status() throws IOException {
+        if (Files.exists(path)) {
+            if (DigestUtils.digestToString(checking.getAlgorithm(), path).equalsIgnoreCase(checking.getChecksum())) {
+                return ITerracottaProvider.Status.READY;
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (TerracottaMetadata.hasLegacyVersionFiles()) {
+                return ITerracottaProvider.Status.LEGACY_VERSION;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Logger.LOG.warning("Cannot determine whether legacy versions exist.");
+        }
+        return ITerracottaProvider.Status.NOT_EXIST;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta;
+
+import com.google.gson.JsonParseException;
+import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyDoubleProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper;
+import javafx.beans.value.ObservableValue;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.profile.TerracottaProfile;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider.ITerracottaProvider;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonSubtype;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonType;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.TolerableValidationException;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.Validation;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+public abstract sealed class TerracottaState {
+    protected TerracottaState() {
+    }
+
+    public boolean isUIFakeState() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isForkOf(TerracottaState state) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static final class Bootstrap extends TerracottaState {
+        static final Bootstrap INSTANCE = new Bootstrap();
+
+        private Bootstrap() {
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Uninitialized extends TerracottaState {
+        private final boolean hasLegacy;
+
+        Uninitialized(boolean hasLegacy) {
+            this.hasLegacy = hasLegacy;
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasLegacy() {
+            return hasLegacy;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Preparing extends TerracottaState implements ITerracottaProvider.Context {
+        private final ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper progress;
+
+        private final AtomicBoolean installFence = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+        Preparing(ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper progress) {
+            this.progress = progress;
+        }
+
+        public ReadOnlyDoubleProperty progressProperty() {
+            return progress.getReadOnlyProperty();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void bindProgress(ObservableValue<? extends Number> value) {
+            progress.bind(value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean requestInstallFence() {
+            return installFence.compareAndSet(false, true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean hasInstallFence() {
+            return !installFence.get();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Launching extends TerracottaState {
+        Launching() {
+        }
+    }
+
+    static abstract sealed class PortSpecific extends TerracottaState {
+        transient int port;
+
+        protected PortSpecific(int port) {
+            this.port = port;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JsonType(
+            property = "state",
+            subtypes = {
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = Waiting.class, name = "waiting"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = HostScanning.class, name = "host-scanning"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = HostStarting.class, name = "host-starting"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = HostOK.class, name = "host-ok"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = GuestStarting.class, name = "guest-connecting"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = GuestStarting.class, name = "guest-starting"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = GuestOK.class, name = "guest-ok"),
+                    @JsonSubtype(clazz = Exception.class, name = "exception"),
+            }
+    )
+    static abstract sealed class Ready extends PortSpecific {
+        @SerializedName("index")
+        final int index;
+
+        @SerializedName("state")
+        private final String state;
+
+        Ready(int port, int index, String state) {
+            super(port);
+            this.index = index;
+            this.state = state;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isUIFakeState() {
+            return this.index == -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Unknown extends PortSpecific {
+        Unknown(int port) {
+            super(port);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Waiting extends Ready {
+        Waiting(int port, int index, String state) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class HostScanning extends Ready {
+        HostScanning(int port, int index, String state) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class HostStarting extends Ready {
+        HostStarting(int port, int index, String state) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class HostOK extends Ready implements Validation {
+        @SerializedName("room")
+        private final String code;
+
+        @SerializedName("profile_index")
+        private final int profileIndex;
+
+        @SerializedName("profiles")
+        private final List<TerracottaProfile> profiles;
+
+        HostOK(int port, int index, String state, String code, int profileIndex, List<TerracottaProfile> profiles) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+            this.code = code;
+            this.profileIndex = profileIndex;
+            this.profiles = profiles;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void validate() throws JsonParseException, TolerableValidationException {
+            if (code == null) {
+                throw new JsonParseException("code is null");
+            }
+            if (profiles == null) {
+                throw new JsonParseException("profiles is null");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String getCode() {
+            return code;
+        }
+
+        public List<TerracottaProfile> getProfiles() {
+            return profiles;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isForkOf(TerracottaState state) {
+            return state instanceof HostOK hostOK && this.index - hostOK.index <= profileIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class GuestStarting extends Ready {
+        GuestStarting(int port, int index, String state) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class GuestOK extends Ready implements Validation {
+        @SerializedName("url")
+        private final String url;
+
+        @SerializedName("profile_index")
+        private final int profileIndex;
+
+        @SerializedName("profiles")
+        private final List<TerracottaProfile> profiles;
+
+        GuestOK(int port, int index, String state, String url, int profileIndex, List<TerracottaProfile> profiles) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+            this.url = url;
+            this.profileIndex = profileIndex;
+            this.profiles = profiles;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void validate() throws JsonParseException, TolerableValidationException {
+            if (profiles == null) {
+                throw new JsonParseException("profiles is null");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String getUrl() {
+            return url;
+        }
+
+        public List<TerracottaProfile> getProfiles() {
+            return profiles;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isForkOf(TerracottaState state) {
+            return state instanceof GuestOK guestOK && this.index - guestOK.index <= profileIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Exception extends Ready implements Validation {
+        public enum Type {
+            PING_HOST_FAIL,
+            PING_HOST_RST,
+            GUEST_ET_CRASH,
+            HOST_ET_CRASH,
+            PING_SERVER_RST,
+            SCAFFOLDING_INVALID_RESPONSE
+        }
+
+        private static final TerracottaState.Exception.Type[] LOOKUP = Type.values();
+
+        @SerializedName("type")
+        private final int type;
+
+        Exception(int port, int index, String state, int type) {
+            super(port, index, state);
+            this.type = type;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void validate() throws JsonParseException, TolerableValidationException {
+            if (type < 0 || type >= LOOKUP.length) {
+                throw new JsonParseException(String.format("Type must between [0, %s)", LOOKUP.length));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Type getType() {
+            return LOOKUP[type];
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Fatal extends TerracottaState {
+        public enum Type {
+            OS,
+            NETWORK,
+            INSTALL,
+            TERRACOTTA,
+            UNKNOWN;
+        }
+
+        private final Type type;
+
+        public Fatal(Type type) {
+            this.type = type;
+        }
+
+        public Type getType() {
+            return type;
+        }
+
+        public boolean isRecoverable() {
+            return this.type != Type.OS && this.type != Type.UNKNOWN;
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
 * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
- * Copyright (C) 2020  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -15,33 +15,15 @@
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
-package org.jackhuang.hmcl.event;
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.profile;

-/**
- *
- * @author huang
- */
-public class FailedEvent<T> extends Event {
-
-    private final int failedTime;
-    private T newResult;
-
-    public FailedEvent(Object source, int failedTime, T newResult) {
-        super(source);
-        this.failedTime = failedTime;
-        this.newResult = newResult;
-    }
-
-    public int getFailedTime() {
-        return failedTime;
-    }
-
-    public T getNewResult() {
-        return newResult;
-    }
-
-    public void setNewResult(T newResult) {
-        this.newResult = newResult;
-    }
+import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;

+public enum ProfileKind {
+    @SerializedName("HOST")
+    HOST,
+    @SerializedName("LOCAL")
+    LOCAL,
+    @SerializedName("GUEST")
+    GUEST
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.profile;
+
+import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
+
+public final class TerracottaProfile {
+    @SerializedName("machine_id")
+    private final String machineID;
+
+    @SerializedName("name")
+    private final String name;
+
+    @SerializedName("vendor")
+    private final String vendor;
+
+    @SerializedName("kind")
+    private final ProfileKind type;
+
+    private TerracottaProfile(String machineID, String name, String vendor, ProfileKind type) {
+        this.machineID = machineID;
+        this.name = name;
+        this.vendor = vendor;
+        this.type = type;
+    }
+
+    public String getMachineID() {
+        return machineID;
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    public String getVendor() {
+        return vendor;
+    }
+
+    public ProfileKind getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider;
+
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.TerracottaNative;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OperatingSystem;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree.TarFileTree;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public final class GeneralProvider implements ITerracottaProvider {
+    private final TerracottaNative target;
+
+    public GeneralProvider(TerracottaNative target) {
+        this.target = target;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() throws IOException {
+        return target.status();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Task<?> install(Context context, @Nullable TarFileTree tree) throws IOException {
+        Task<?> task = target.install(context, tree);
+        context.bindProgress(task.progressProperty());
+        if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS.isLinuxOrBSD()) {
+            task = task.thenRunAsync(() -> Files.setPosixFilePermissions(target.getPath(), Set.of(
+                    PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ,
+                    PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE,
+                    PosixFilePermission.OWNER_EXECUTE,
+                    PosixFilePermission.GROUP_READ,
+                    PosixFilePermission.GROUP_EXECUTE,
+                    PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_READ,
+                    PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_EXECUTE
+            )));
+        }
+        return task;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> ofCommandLine(Path path) {
+        return List.of(target.getPath().toString(), "--hmcl", path.toString());
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider;
+
+import javafx.beans.value.ObservableValue;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree.TarFileTree;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public interface ITerracottaProvider {
+    enum Status {
+        NOT_EXIST,
+        LEGACY_VERSION,
+        READY
+    }
+
+    interface Context {
+        void bindProgress(ObservableValue<? extends Number> value);
+
+        boolean requestInstallFence();
+        
+        boolean hasInstallFence();
+    }
+
+    abstract class ProviderException extends IOException {
+        public ProviderException(String message) {
+            super(message);
+        }
+
+        public ProviderException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+            super(message, cause);
+        }
+
+        public ProviderException(Throwable cause) {
+            super(cause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    final class ArchiveFileMissingException extends ProviderException {
+        public ArchiveFileMissingException(String message) {
+            super(message);
+        }
+
+        public ArchiveFileMissingException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+            super(message, cause);
+        }
+
+        public ArchiveFileMissingException(Throwable cause) {
+            super(cause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Status status() throws IOException;
+
+    Task<?> install(Context context, @Nullable TarFileTree tree) throws IOException;
+
+    List<String> ofCommandLine(Path path);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.provider;
+
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.TerracottaNative;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.ManagedProcess;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.SystemUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree.TarFileTree;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
+
+public final class MacOSProvider implements ITerracottaProvider {
+    public final TerracottaNative installer, binary;
+
+    public MacOSProvider(TerracottaNative installer, TerracottaNative binary) {
+        this.installer = installer;
+        this.binary = binary;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() throws IOException {
+        assert binary != null;
+
+        if (!Files.exists(Path.of("/Applications/terracotta.app"))) {
+            return Status.NOT_EXIST;
+        }
+
+        return binary.status();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Task<?> install(Context context, @Nullable TarFileTree tree) throws IOException {
+        assert installer != null && binary != null;
+
+        Task<?> installerTask = installer.install(context, tree);
+        Task<?> binaryTask = binary.install(context, tree);
+        context.bindProgress(installerTask.progressProperty().add(binaryTask.progressProperty()).multiply(0.4)); // (1 + 1) * 0.4 = 0.8
+
+        return Task.allOf(
+                installerTask.thenComposeAsync(() -> {
+                    ManagedProcess process = new ManagedProcess(new ProcessBuilder(
+                            "osascript",
+                            "-e",
+                            String.format(
+                                    "do shell script \"installer -pkg %s -target /Applications\" with prompt \"%s\" with administrator privileges",
+                                    installer.getPath(),
+                                    i18n("terracotta.sudo_installing")
+                            )
+                    ));
+                    process.pumpInputStream(SystemUtils::onLogLine);
+                    process.pumpErrorStream(SystemUtils::onLogLine);
+
+                    return Task.fromCompletableFuture(process.getProcess().onExit());
+                }),
+                binaryTask.thenRunAsync(() -> Files.setPosixFilePermissions(binary.getPath(), Set.of(
+                        PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ,
+                        PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE,
+                        PosixFilePermission.OWNER_EXECUTE,
+                        PosixFilePermission.GROUP_READ,
+                        PosixFilePermission.GROUP_EXECUTE,
+                        PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_READ,
+                        PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_EXECUTE
+                )))
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> ofCommandLine(Path path) {
+        assert binary != null;
+
+        return List.of(binary.getPath().toString(), "--hmcl", path.toString());
+    }
+}
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import javafx.stage.StageStyle;
 import javafx.util.Duration;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.Launcher;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.Metadata;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.LauncherHelper;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.ModpackHelper;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.java.JavaManager;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.java.JavaRuntime;
@@ -55,8 +56,10 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.download.DownloadPage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.download.ModpackInstallWizardProvider;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.main.LauncherSettingsPage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.main.RootPage;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.terracotta.TerracottaPage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.versions.GameListPage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.versions.VersionPage;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.versions.Versions;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.*;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.Architecture;
@@ -108,6 +111,7 @@ public final class Controllers {
        return accountListPage;
    });
    private static Lazy<LauncherSettingsPage> settingsPage = new Lazy<>(LauncherSettingsPage::new);
+    private static Lazy<TerracottaPage> terracottaPage = new Lazy<>(TerracottaPage::new);

    private Controllers() {
    }
@@ -150,6 +154,11 @@ public final class Controllers {
        return downloadPage.get();
    }

+    // FXThread
+    public static Node getTerracottaPage() {
+        return terracottaPage.get();
+    }
+
    // FXThread
    public static DecoratorController getDecorator() {
        return decorator;
@@ -424,6 +433,30 @@ public final class Controllers {
        dialog(new MessageDialogPane.Builder(text, title, type).actionOrCancel(actionButton, cancel).build());
    }

+    public static void confirmActionDanger(String text, String title, Runnable resolve, Runnable cancel) {
+        JFXButton btnYes = new JFXButton(i18n("button.ok"));
+        btnYes.getStyleClass().add("dialog-error");
+        btnYes.setOnAction(e -> resolve.run());
+        btnYes.setDisable(true);
+
+        int countdown = 10;
+        KeyFrame[] keyFrames = new KeyFrame[countdown + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < countdown; i++) {
+            keyFrames[i] = new KeyFrame(Duration.seconds(i),
+                    new KeyValue(btnYes.textProperty(), i18n("button.ok.countdown", countdown - i)));
+        }
+        keyFrames[countdown] = new KeyFrame(Duration.seconds(countdown),
+                new KeyValue(btnYes.textProperty(), i18n("button.ok")),
+                new KeyValue(btnYes.disableProperty(), false));
+
+        Timeline timeline = new Timeline(keyFrames);
+        confirmAction(text, title, MessageType.WARNING, btnYes, () -> {
+            timeline.stop();
+            cancel.run();
+        });
+        timeline.play();
+    }
+
    public static CompletableFuture<String> prompt(String title, FutureCallback<String> onResult) {
        return prompt(title, onResult, "");
    }
@@ -470,6 +503,10 @@ public final class Controllers {
                    Controllers.getSettingsPage().showFeedback();
                    Controllers.navigate(Controllers.getSettingsPage());
                    break;
+                case "hmcl://game/launch":
+                    Profile profile = Profiles.getSelectedProfile();
+                    Versions.launch(profile, profile.getSelectedVersion(), LauncherHelper::setKeep);
+                    break;
            }
        } else {
            FXUtils.openLink(href);
@@ -93,10 +93,7 @@ import java.nio.file.PathMatcher;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
-import java.util.function.BooleanSupplier;
-import java.util.function.Consumer;
-import java.util.function.Function;
-import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.*;
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;

@@ -1218,7 +1215,6 @@ public final class FXUtils {
    public static JFXButton newBorderButton(String text) {
        JFXButton button = new JFXButton(text);
        button.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-border");
-        button.setButtonType(JFXButton.ButtonType.RAISED);
        return button;
    }

@@ -1370,6 +1366,27 @@ public final class FXUtils {
        });
    }

+    public static <T> void onScroll(Node node, List<T> list,
+                                    ToIntFunction<List<T>> finder,
+                                    Consumer<T> updater
+    ) {
+        node.addEventHandler(ScrollEvent.SCROLL, event -> {
+            double deltaY = event.getDeltaY();
+            if (deltaY == 0)
+                return;
+
+            int index = finder.applyAsInt(list);
+            if (index < 0) return;
+            if (deltaY > 0) // up
+                index--;
+            else // down
+                index++;
+
+            updater.accept(list.get((index + list.size()) % list.size()));
+            event.consume();
+        });
+    }
+
    public static void copyOnDoubleClick(Labeled label) {
        label.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED, e -> {
            if (e.getButton() == MouseButton.PRIMARY && e.getClickCount() == 2) {
@@ -64,11 +64,9 @@ public class ListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ListPage<?>> {
                vBox.setAlignment(Pos.BOTTOM_RIGHT);
                vBox.setPickOnBounds(false);

-                JFXButton btnAdd = new JFXButton();
+                JFXButton btnAdd = FXUtils.newRaisedButton("");
                FXUtils.setLimitWidth(btnAdd, 40);
                FXUtils.setLimitHeight(btnAdd, 40);
-                btnAdd.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-raised-round");
-                btnAdd.setButtonType(JFXButton.ButtonType.RAISED);
                btnAdd.setGraphic(SVG.ADD.createIcon(Theme.whiteFill(), -1));
                btnAdd.setOnAction(e -> skinnable.add());

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import javafx.stage.Stage;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.GameDumpGenerator;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.Log;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.StyleSheets;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.NoneMultipleSelectionModel;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.SpinnerPane;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Holder;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.CircularArrayList;
@@ -311,6 +312,7 @@ public final class LogWindow extends Stage {
                Holder<Object> lastCell = new Holder<>();
                listView.setCellFactory(x -> new ListCell<Log>() {
                    {
+                        x.setSelectionModel(new NoneMultipleSelectionModel<>());
                        getStyleClass().add("log-window-list-cell");
                        Region clippedContainer = (Region) listView.lookup(".clipped-container");
                        if (clippedContainer != null) {
@@ -48,11 +48,22 @@ public final class UpgradeDialog extends JFXDialogLayout {
        setBody(new ProgressIndicator());

        String url = CHANGELOG_URL + remoteVersion.getChannel().channelName + ".html";
+        boolean isPreview = remoteVersion.isPreview();
        Task.supplyAsync(Schedulers.io(), () -> {
            Document document = Jsoup.parse(new URL(url), 30 * 1000);
-            Node node = document.selectFirst("#nowchange");
+            String id = null;
+            Node node = null;
+            if (isPreview) {
+                id = "nowpreview";
+                node = document.selectFirst("#" + id);
+            }
+            if (node == null) {
+                id = "nowchange";
+                node = document.selectFirst("#" + id);
+            }
+
            if (node == null || !"h1".equals(node.nodeName()))
-                throw new IOException("Cannot find #nowchange in document");
+                throw new IOException("Cannot find current changelog in document");

            HTMLRenderer renderer = new HTMLRenderer(uri -> {
                LOG.info("Open link: " + uri);
@@ -60,7 +71,7 @@ public final class UpgradeDialog extends JFXDialogLayout {
            });

            do {
-                if ("h1".equals(node.nodeName()) && !"nowchange".equals(node.attr("id"))) {
+                if ("h1".equals(node.nodeName()) && !id.equals(node.attr("id"))) {
                    break;
                }
                renderer.appendNode(node);
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import javafx.beans.binding.Bindings;
 import javafx.beans.property.ObjectProperty;
 import javafx.beans.property.SimpleObjectProperty;
 import javafx.beans.value.ObservableValue;
-import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
 import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
 import javafx.scene.control.Tooltip;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.auth.Account;
@@ -77,25 +76,9 @@ public class AccountAdvancedListItem extends AdvancedListItem {

        setActionButtonVisible(false);

-        setOnScroll(event -> {
-            double deltaY = event.getDeltaY();
-            if (deltaY == 0)
-                return;
-
-            Account current = account.get();
-            if (current == null) return;
-
-            ObservableList<Account> accounts = Accounts.getAccounts();
-            int currentIndex = accounts.indexOf(current);
-            if (currentIndex < 0) return;
-
-            if (deltaY > 0) // up
-                currentIndex--;
-            else // down
-                currentIndex++;
-
-            Accounts.setSelectedAccount(accounts.get((currentIndex + accounts.size()) % accounts.size()));
-        });
+        FXUtils.onScroll(this, Accounts.getAccounts(),
+                accounts -> accounts.indexOf(account.get()),
+                Accounts::setSelectedAccount);
    }

    public ObjectProperty<Account> accountProperty() {
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.account;

 import com.jfoenix.controls.*;
 import com.jfoenix.validation.base.ValidatorBase;
-import javafx.animation.KeyFrame;
-import javafx.animation.KeyValue;
-import javafx.animation.Timeline;
 import javafx.application.Platform;
 import javafx.beans.NamedArg;
 import javafx.beans.binding.BooleanBinding;
@@ -39,7 +36,6 @@ import javafx.scene.control.Label;
 import javafx.scene.control.TextInputControl;
 import javafx.scene.layout.*;

-import javafx.util.Duration;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.Metadata;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.auth.AccountFactory;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.auth.CharacterSelector;
@@ -268,33 +264,10 @@ public class CreateAccountPane extends JFXDialogLayout implements DialogAware {
        };

        if (factory instanceof OfflineAccountFactory && username != null && (!USERNAME_CHECKER_PATTERN.matcher(username).matches() || username.length() > 16)) {
-            JFXButton btnYes = new JFXButton(i18n("button.ok"));
-            btnYes.getStyleClass().add("dialog-error");
-            btnYes.setOnAction(e -> doCreate.run());
-            btnYes.setDisable(true);
-
-            int countdown = 10;
-            KeyFrame[] keyFrames = new KeyFrame[countdown + 1];
-            for (int i = 0; i < countdown; i++) {
-                keyFrames[i] = new KeyFrame(Duration.seconds(i),
-                        new KeyValue(btnYes.textProperty(), i18n("button.ok.countdown", countdown - i)));
-            }
-            keyFrames[countdown] = new KeyFrame(Duration.seconds(countdown),
-                    new KeyValue(btnYes.textProperty(), i18n("button.ok")),
-                    new KeyValue(btnYes.disableProperty(), false));
-
-            Timeline timeline = new Timeline(keyFrames);
-            Controllers.confirmAction(
-                    i18n("account.methods.offline.name.invalid"), i18n("message.warning"),
-                    MessageDialogPane.MessageType.WARNING,
-                    btnYes,
-                    () -> {
-                        timeline.stop();
-                        body.setDisable(false);
-                        spinner.hideSpinner();
-                    }
-            );
-            timeline.play();
+            Controllers.confirmActionDanger(i18n("account.methods.offline.name.invalid"), i18n("message.warning"), doCreate, () -> {
+                body.setDisable(false);
+                spinner.hideSpinner();
+            });
        } else {
            doCreate.run();
        }
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct;
 import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
 import javafx.scene.Node;
 import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
+import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
 import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
@@ -40,8 +41,16 @@ public class AdvancedListBox extends ScrollPane {
        setFitToHeight(true);
        setFitToWidth(true);
        setHbarPolicy(ScrollBarPolicy.NEVER);
+        setVbarPolicy(ScrollBarPolicy.NEVER);

        container.getStyleClass().add("advanced-list-box-content");
+
+        this.addEventFilter(MouseEvent.MOUSE_ENTERED, event -> {
+            if (container.getHeight() > getHeight())
+                setVbarPolicy(ScrollBarPolicy.AS_NEEDED);
+        });
+        this.addEventFilter(MouseEvent.MOUSE_EXITED,
+                event -> setVbarPolicy(ScrollBarPolicy.NEVER));
    }

    public AdvancedListBox add(Node child) {
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ final class ComponentListCell extends StackPane {

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private void updateLayout() {
-        if (content instanceof ComponentList) {
-            ComponentList list = (ComponentList) content;
+        if (content instanceof ComponentList list) {
            content.getStyleClass().remove("options-list");
            content.getStyleClass().add("options-sublist");

@@ -130,7 +129,10 @@ final class ComponentListCell extends StackPane {
            groupNode.getChildren().add(headerRippler);

            VBox container = new VBox();
-            container.setPadding(new Insets(8, 16, 10, 16));
+            boolean hasPadding = !(list instanceof ComponentSublist subList) || subList.hasComponentPadding();
+            if (hasPadding) {
+                container.setPadding(new Insets(8, 16, 10, 16));
+            }
            FXUtils.setLimitHeight(container, 0);
            FXUtils.setOverflowHidden(container);
            container.getChildren().setAll(content);
@@ -149,7 +151,8 @@ final class ComponentListCell extends StackPane {
                }

                Platform.runLater(() -> {
-                    double newAnimatedHeight = (list.prefHeight(list.getWidth()) + 8 + 10) * (expanded ? 1 : -1);
+                    // FIXME: ComponentSubList without padding must have a 4 pixel padding for displaying a border radius.
+                    double newAnimatedHeight = (list.prefHeight(list.getWidth()) + (hasPadding ? 8 + 10 : 4)) * (expanded ? 1 : -1);
                    double newHeight = expanded ? getHeight() + newAnimatedHeight : prefHeight(list.getWidth());
                    double contentHeight = expanded ? newAnimatedHeight : 0;

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct;

 import javafx.beans.DefaultProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.BooleanProperty;
 import javafx.beans.property.ObjectProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty;
 import javafx.beans.property.SimpleObjectProperty;
 import javafx.scene.Node;

@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ public class ComponentSublist extends ComponentList {

    private final ObjectProperty<Node> headerLeft = new SimpleObjectProperty<>(this, "headerLeft");
    private final ObjectProperty<Node> headerRight = new SimpleObjectProperty<>(this, "headerRight");
+    private final BooleanProperty componentPadding = new SimpleBooleanProperty(this, "componentPadding", true);

    public ComponentSublist() {
        super();
@@ -55,4 +58,16 @@ public class ComponentSublist extends ComponentList {
    public void setHeaderRight(Node headerRight) {
        this.headerRight.set(headerRight);
    }
+
+    public boolean hasComponentPadding() {
+        return componentPadding.get();
+    }
+
+    public BooleanProperty componentPaddingProperty() {
+        return componentPadding;
+    }
+
+    public void setComponentPadding(boolean componentPadding) {
+        this.componentPadding.set(componentPadding);
+    }
 }
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import javafx.beans.property.StringProperty;
 import javafx.geometry.Insets;
 import javafx.geometry.Pos;
 import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.input.MouseButton;
+import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
 import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
 import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
@@ -61,7 +63,12 @@ public class OptionToggleButton extends StackPane {
        toggleButton.setSize(8);
        FXUtils.setLimitHeight(toggleButton, 30);

-        FXUtils.onClicked(container, () -> toggleButton.setSelected(!toggleButton.isSelected()));
+        container.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED, e -> {
+            if (e.getButton() == MouseButton.PRIMARY) {
+                toggleButton.setSelected(!toggleButton.isSelected());
+                e.consume();
+            }
+        });

        FXUtils.onChangeAndOperate(subtitleProperty(), subtitle -> {
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(subtitle)) {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ public class RipplerContainer extends StackPane {
        return StyleableProperties.FACTORY.getCssMetaData();
    }

-    private static class StyleableProperties {
+    private final static class StyleableProperties {
        private static final StyleablePropertyFactory<RipplerContainer> FACTORY = new StyleablePropertyFactory<>(StackPane.getClassCssMetaData());

        private static final CssMetaData<RipplerContainer, Paint> RIPPLER_FILL = FACTORY.createPaintCssMetaData("-jfx-rippler-fill", s -> s.ripplerFill, Color.rgb(0, 200, 255));
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ public class TabHeader extends Control implements TabControl, PageAware {
                }
            }

-            private class HeadersRegion extends StackPane {
+            private final class HeadersRegion extends StackPane {
                private SideAction action;
                private final ObjectProperty<Side> side = new SimpleObjectProperty<Side>() {
                    @Override
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ public class TabHeader extends Control implements TabControl, PageAware {
                    }
                }

-                private class Top extends Horizontal {
+                private final class Top extends Horizontal {
                    @Override
                    public void layoutChildren() {
                        super.layoutChildren();
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ public class TabHeader extends Control implements TabControl, PageAware {
                    }
                }

-                private class Bottom extends Horizontal {
+                private final class Bottom extends Horizontal {
                    @Override
                    public void layoutChildren() {
                        super.layoutChildren();
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ public class TabHeader extends Control implements TabControl, PageAware {
                    }
                }

-                private class Left extends Vertical {
+                private final class Left extends Vertical {
                    @Override
                    public void layoutChildren() {
                        super.layoutChildren();
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ public class TabHeader extends Control implements TabControl, PageAware {
                    }
                }

-                private class Right extends Vertical {
+                private final class Right extends Vertical {
                    @Override
                    public void layoutChildren() {
                        super.layoutChildren();
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
 public class TaskExecutorDialogPane extends BorderPane {
    private TaskExecutor executor;
    private TaskCancellationAction onCancel;
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unused", "FieldCanBeLocal"})
    private final Consumer<FetchTask.SpeedEvent> speedEventHandler;

    private final Label lblTitle;
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ public class TaskExecutorDialogPane extends BorderPane {
            }
        });

-        speedEventHandler = speedEvent -> {
+        speedEventHandler = FetchTask.SPEED_EVENT.registerWeak(speedEvent -> {
            String unit = "B/s";
            double speed = speedEvent.getSpeed();
            if (speed > 1024) {
@@ -95,11 +96,10 @@ public class TaskExecutorDialogPane extends BorderPane {
                speed /= 1024;
                unit = "MiB/s";
            }
-            double finalSpeed = speed;
-            String finalUnit = unit;
-            Platform.runLater(() -> lblProgress.setText(String.format("%.1f %s", finalSpeed, finalUnit)));
-        };
-        FileDownloadTask.speedEvent.channel(FetchTask.SpeedEvent.class).registerWeak(speedEventHandler);
+
+            String message = String.format("%.1f %s", speed, unit);
+            Platform.runLater(() -> lblProgress.setText(message));
+        });

        onEscPressed(this, btnCancel::fire);
    }
@@ -82,8 +82,7 @@ public abstract class ModpackPage extends SpinnerPane implements WizardPage {

            BorderPane descriptionPane = new BorderPane();
            {
-                btnDescription = new JFXButton(i18n("modpack.description"));
-                btnDescription.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-border");
+                btnDescription = FXUtils.newBorderButton(i18n("modpack.description"));
                btnDescription.setOnAction(e -> onDescribe());
                descriptionPane.setLeft(btnDescription);

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ public class PartialInflaterInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
     *                  the mark position becomes invalid.
     * @see InputStream#reset()
     */
-    public synchronized void mark(int readlimit) {
+    public void mark(int readlimit) {
    }

    /**
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ public class PartialInflaterInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
     * @see InputStream#mark(int)
     * @see IOException
     */
-    public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
+    public void reset() throws IOException {
        throw new IOException("mark/reset not supported");
    }
 }
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Holder;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.TaskCancellationAction;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.BindingMapping;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.javafx.MappedObservableList;

@@ -115,6 +116,10 @@ public final class MainPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPage {

        ImageView titleIcon = new ImageView(FXUtils.newBuiltinImage("/assets/img/icon-title.png"));
        Label titleLabel = new Label(Metadata.FULL_TITLE);
+        if (I18n.isUpsideDown()) {
+            titleIcon.setRotate(180);
+            titleLabel.setRotate(180);
+        }
        titleLabel.getStyleClass().add("jfx-decorator-title");
        titleNode.getChildren().setAll(titleIcon, titleLabel);

@@ -208,20 +213,11 @@ public final class MainPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPage {
        launchPane.getStyleClass().add("launch-pane");
        launchPane.setMaxWidth(230);
        launchPane.setMaxHeight(55);
-        launchPane.setOnScroll(event -> {
-            double deltaY = event.getDeltaY();
-            if (deltaY == 0)
-                return;
-
+        FXUtils.onScroll(launchPane, versions, list -> {
            String currentId = getCurrentGame();
-            int index = Lang.indexWhere(versions, instance -> instance.getId().equals(currentId));
-            if (index < 0) return;
-            if (deltaY > 0) // up
-                index--;
-            else // down
-                index++;
-            profile.setSelectedVersion(versions.get((index + versions.size()) % versions.size()).getId());
-        });
+            return Lang.indexWhere(list, instance -> instance.getId().equals(currentId));
+        }, it -> profile.setSelectedVersion(it.getId()));
+
        StackPane.setAlignment(launchPane, Pos.BOTTOM_RIGHT);
        {
            JFXButton launchButton = new JFXButton();
@@ -435,6 +431,10 @@ public final class MainPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPage {
        return state;
    }

+    public Profile getProfile() {
+        return profile;
+    }
+
    public String getCurrentGame() {
        return currentGame.get();
    }
@@ -447,6 +447,10 @@ public final class MainPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPage {
        this.currentGame.set(currentGame);
    }

+    public ObservableList<Version> getVersions() {
+        return versions;
+    }
+
    public boolean isShowUpdate() {
        return showUpdate.get();
    }
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ public class PersonalizationPage extends StackPane {
                }

                Label textOpacity = new Label();
+                FXUtils.setLimitWidth(textOpacity, 35);

                StringBinding valueBinding = Bindings.createStringBinding(() -> ((int) slider.getValue()) + "%", slider.valueProperty());
                textOpacity.textProperty().bind(valueBinding);
@@ -154,6 +154,10 @@ public class RootPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPage {
                    Versions.modifyGameSettings(profile, version);
                }
            });
+            FXUtils.onScroll(gameListItem, getSkinnable().getMainPage().getVersions(), list -> {
+                String currentId = getSkinnable().getMainPage().getCurrentGame();
+                return Lang.indexWhere(list, instance -> instance.getId().equals(currentId));
+            }, it -> getSkinnable().getMainPage().getProfile().setSelectedVersion(it.getId()));

            // third item in left sidebar
            AdvancedListItem gameItem = new AdvancedListItem();
@@ -178,11 +182,11 @@ public class RootPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPage {
            launcherSettingsItem.setOnAction(e -> Controllers.navigate(Controllers.getSettingsPage()));

            // sixth item in left sidebar
-            AdvancedListItem chatItem = new AdvancedListItem();
-            chatItem.setLeftGraphic(wrap(SVG.CHAT));
-            chatItem.setActionButtonVisible(false);
-            chatItem.setTitle(i18n("chat"));
-            chatItem.setOnAction(e -> FXUtils.openLink(Metadata.GROUPS_URL));
+            AdvancedListItem terracottaItem = new AdvancedListItem();
+            terracottaItem.setLeftGraphic(wrap(SVG.HOST));
+            terracottaItem.setActionButtonVisible(false);
+            terracottaItem.setTitle(i18n("terracotta"));
+            terracottaItem.setOnAction(e -> Controllers.navigate(Controllers.getTerracottaPage()));

            // the left sidebar
            AdvancedListBox sideBar = new AdvancedListBox()
@@ -194,8 +198,7 @@ public class RootPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPage {
                    .add(downloadItem)
                    .startCategory(i18n("settings.launcher.general").toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT))
                    .add(launcherSettingsItem)
-                    .add(chatItem)
-                    ;
+                    .add(terracottaItem);

            // the root page, with the sidebar in left, navigator in center.
            setLeft(sideBar);
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.upgrade.UpdateChannel;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.upgrade.UpdateChecker;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.upgrade.UpdateHandler;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.Locales;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.SupportedLocale;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
 import org.tukaani.xz.XZInputStream;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ public final class SettingsPage extends SettingsView {
        FXUtils.smoothScrolling(scroll);

        // ==== Languages ====
-        cboLanguage.getItems().setAll(Locales.LOCALES);
+        cboLanguage.getItems().setAll(SupportedLocale.getSupportedLocales());
        selectedItemPropertyFor(cboLanguage).bindBidirectional(config().localizationProperty());

        disableAutoGameOptionsPane.selectedProperty().bindBidirectional(config().disableAutoGameOptionsProperty());
@@ -114,9 +114,12 @@ public final class SettingsPage extends SettingsView {
        chkUpdateStable.setUserData(UpdateChannel.STABLE);
        ObjectProperty<UpdateChannel> updateChannel = selectedItemPropertyFor(updateChannelGroup, UpdateChannel.class);
        updateChannel.set(UpdateChannel.getChannel());
-        updateChannel.addListener((a, b, newValue) -> {
-            UpdateChecker.requestCheckUpdate(newValue);
-        });
+
+        InvalidationListener checkUpdateListener = e -> {
+            UpdateChecker.requestCheckUpdate(updateChannel.get(), previewPane.isSelected());
+        };
+        updateChannel.addListener(checkUpdateListener);
+        previewPane.selectedProperty().addListener(checkUpdateListener);
        // ====
    }

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.ComponentSublist;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.MultiFileItem;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.OptionToggleButton;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.Locales.SupportedLocale;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.SupportedLocale;

 import java.util.Arrays;

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ public abstract class SettingsView extends StackPane {
    protected final JFXRadioButton chkUpdateStable;
    protected final JFXRadioButton chkUpdateDev;
    protected final JFXButton btnUpdate;
+    protected final OptionToggleButton previewPane;
    protected final ScrollPane scroll;

    public SettingsView() {
@@ -147,6 +148,14 @@ public abstract class SettingsView extends StackPane {
                    settingsPane.getContent().add(updatePane);
                }

+                {
+                    previewPane = new OptionToggleButton();
+                    previewPane.setTitle(i18n("update.preview"));
+                    previewPane.selectedProperty().bindBidirectional(config().acceptPreviewUpdateProperty());
+
+                    settingsPane.getContent().add(previewPane);
+                }
+
                {
                    fileCommonLocation = new MultiFileItem<>();
                    fileCommonLocationSublist = new ComponentSublist();
@@ -162,9 +171,8 @@ public abstract class SettingsView extends StackPane {
                    ));

                    {
-                        JFXButton cleanButton = new JFXButton(i18n("launcher.cache_directory.clean"));
+                        JFXButton cleanButton = FXUtils.newBorderButton(i18n("launcher.cache_directory.clean"));
                        cleanButton.setOnAction(e -> clearCacheDirectory());
-                        cleanButton.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-border");

                        fileCommonLocationSublist.setHeaderRight(cleanButton);
                    }
@@ -216,9 +224,8 @@ public abstract class SettingsView extends StackPane {
                    if (LOG.getLogFile() == null)
                        openLogFolderButton.setDisable(true);

-                    JFXButton logButton = new JFXButton(i18n("settings.launcher.launcher_log.export"));
+                    JFXButton logButton = FXUtils.newBorderButton(i18n("settings.launcher.launcher_log.export"));
                    logButton.setOnAction(e -> onExportLogs());
-                    logButton.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-border");

                    HBox buttonBox = new HBox();
                    buttonBox.setSpacing(10);
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Schedulers;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.Controllers;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.MessageDialogPane;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.PageCloseEvent;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.SpinnerPane;
@@ -68,9 +69,7 @@ public final class NBTEditorPage extends SpinnerPane implements DecoratorPage {
        actions.setPadding(new Insets(8));
        actions.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER_RIGHT);

-        JFXButton saveButton = new JFXButton(i18n("button.save"));
-        saveButton.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-raised");
-        saveButton.setButtonType(JFXButton.ButtonType.RAISED);
+        JFXButton saveButton = FXUtils.newRaisedButton(i18n("button.save"));
        saveButton.setOnAction(e -> {
            try {
                save();
@@ -80,9 +79,7 @@ public final class NBTEditorPage extends SpinnerPane implements DecoratorPage {
            }
        });

-        JFXButton cancelButton = new JFXButton(i18n("button.cancel"));
-        cancelButton.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-raised");
-        cancelButton.setButtonType(JFXButton.ButtonType.RAISED);
+        JFXButton cancelButton = FXUtils.newRaisedButton(i18n("button.cancel"));
        cancelButton.setOnAction(e -> fireEvent(new PageCloseEvent()));
        onEscPressed(this, cancelButton::fire);

@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.terracotta;
+
+import com.jfoenix.controls.JFXProgressBar;
+import javafx.beans.property.DoubleProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.ObjectProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleDoubleProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleObjectProperty;
+import javafx.beans.value.ChangeListener;
+import javafx.beans.value.WeakChangeListener;
+import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
+import javafx.geometry.Insets;
+import javafx.geometry.Pos;
+import javafx.scene.Cursor;
+import javafx.scene.Node;
+import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
+import javafx.scene.control.TextField;
+import javafx.scene.image.Image;
+import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
+import javafx.scene.input.Clipboard;
+import javafx.scene.input.ClipboardContent;
+import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Priority;
+import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
+import javafx.scene.text.TextFlow;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.game.LauncherHelper;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Profile;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Profiles;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Theme;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Schedulers;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.TerracottaManager;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.TerracottaMetadata;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.TerracottaState;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.terracotta.profile.TerracottaProfile;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.Controllers;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.SVG;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.WeakListenerHolder;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.animation.ContainerAnimations;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.animation.TransitionPane;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.ComponentList;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.ComponentSublist;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.MessageDialogPane;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.RipplerContainer;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.SpinnerPane;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.TwoLineListItem;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.versions.Versions;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.Zipper;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
+
+public class TerracottaControllerPage extends StackPane {
+    private static final ObjectProperty<TerracottaState> UI_STATE = new SimpleObjectProperty<>();
+
+    static {
+        FXUtils.onChangeAndOperate(TerracottaManager.stateProperty(), state -> {
+            if (state != null) {
+                UI_STATE.set(state);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private final WeakListenerHolder holder = new WeakListenerHolder();
+
+    /* FIXME: It's sucked to have such a long logic, containing UI for all states defined in TerracottaState, with unclear control flows.
+         Consider moving UI into multiple files for each state respectively. */
+    public TerracottaControllerPage() {
+        TransitionPane transition = new TransitionPane();
+
+        ObjectProperty<String> statusProperty = new SimpleObjectProperty<>();
+        DoubleProperty progressProperty = new SimpleDoubleProperty();
+        ObservableList<Node> nodesProperty = FXCollections.observableList(new ArrayList<>());
+
+        FXUtils.applyDragListener(this, path -> {
+            TerracottaState state = UI_STATE.get();
+
+            if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Uninitialized ||
+                    state instanceof TerracottaState.Preparing preparing && preparing.hasInstallFence() ||
+                    state instanceof TerracottaState.Fatal fatal && fatal.getType() == TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.NETWORK
+            ) {
+                return Files.isReadable(path) && FileUtils.getName(path).toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT).endsWith(".tar.gz");
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }, files -> {
+            Path path = files.get(0);
+
+            if (!TerracottaManager.validate(path)) {
+                Controllers.dialog(
+                        i18n("terracotta.from_local.file_name_mismatch", TerracottaMetadata.PACKAGE_NAME, FileUtils.getName(path)),
+                        i18n("message.error"),
+                        MessageDialogPane.MessageType.ERROR
+                );
+                return;
+            }
+
+            TerracottaState state = UI_STATE.get(), next;
+            if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Uninitialized || state instanceof TerracottaState.Preparing preparing && preparing.hasInstallFence()) {
+                if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Uninitialized uninitialized && !uninitialized.hasLegacy()) {
+                    Controllers.confirmActionDanger(i18n("terracotta.confirm.desc"), i18n("terracotta.confirm.title"), () -> {
+                        TerracottaState.Preparing s = TerracottaManager.install(path);
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s);
+                        }
+                    }, () -> {
+                    });
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                next = TerracottaManager.install(path);
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Fatal fatal && fatal.getType() == TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.NETWORK) {
+                next = TerracottaManager.recover(path);
+            } else {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (next != null) {
+                UI_STATE.set(next);
+            }
+        });
+
+        ChangeListener<TerracottaState> listener = (_uiState, legacyState, state) -> {
+            if (legacyState != null && legacyState.isUIFakeState() && !state.isUIFakeState() && legacyState.getClass() == state.getClass()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            progressProperty.unbind();
+
+            if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Bootstrap) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.bootstrap"));
+                progressProperty.set(-1);
+                nodesProperty.setAll();
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Uninitialized uninitialized) {
+                String fork = uninitialized.hasLegacy() ? "update" : "not_exist";
+
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.uninitialized." + fork));
+                progressProperty.set(0);
+
+                TextFlow body = FXUtils.segmentToTextFlow(i18n("terracotta.confirm.desc"), Controllers::onHyperlinkAction);
+                body.setLineSpacing(4);
+
+                LineButton download = LineButton.of();
+                download.setLeftImage(FXUtils.newBuiltinImage("/assets/img/terracotta.png"));
+                download.setTitle(i18n(String.format("terracotta.status.uninitialized.%s.title", fork)));
+                download.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc"));
+                download.setRightIcon(SVG.ARROW_FORWARD);
+                FXUtils.onClicked(download, () -> {
+                    if (uninitialized.hasLegacy()) {
+                        TerracottaState.Preparing s = TerracottaManager.install(null);
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        Controllers.confirmActionDanger(i18n("terracotta.confirm.desc"), i18n("terracotta.confirm.title"), () -> {
+                            TerracottaState.Preparing s = TerracottaManager.install(null);
+                            if (s != null) {
+                                UI_STATE.set(s);
+                            }
+                        }, () -> {
+                        });
+                    }
+                });
+
+                nodesProperty.setAll(body, download, getThirdPartyDownloadNodes());
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Preparing) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.preparing"));
+                progressProperty.bind(((TerracottaState.Preparing) state).progressProperty());
+                nodesProperty.setAll(getThirdPartyDownloadNodes());
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Launching) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.launching"));
+                progressProperty.set(-1);
+                nodesProperty.setAll();
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Unknown) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.unknown"));
+                progressProperty.set(-1);
+                nodesProperty.setAll();
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Waiting) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting"));
+                progressProperty.set(1);
+
+                TextFlow flow = FXUtils.segmentToTextFlow(i18n("terracotta.confirm.desc"), Controllers::onHyperlinkAction);
+                flow.setLineSpacing(4);
+
+                LineButton host = LineButton.of();
+                host.setLeftIcon(SVG.HOST);
+                host.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.host.title"));
+                host.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.host.desc"));
+                host.setRightIcon(SVG.ARROW_FORWARD);
+                FXUtils.onClicked(host, () -> {
+                    if (LauncherHelper.countMangedProcesses() >= 1) {
+                        TerracottaState.HostScanning s1 = TerracottaManager.setScanning();
+                        if (s1 != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s1);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        Controllers.dialog(new MessageDialogPane.Builder(
+                                i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.desc"),
+                                i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.title"),
+                                MessageDialogPane.MessageType.QUESTION
+                        ).addAction(i18n("version.launch"), () -> {
+                            Profile profile = Profiles.getSelectedProfile();
+                            Versions.launch(profile, profile.getSelectedVersion(), LauncherHelper::setKeep);
+                        }).addCancel(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.skip"), () -> {
+                            TerracottaState.HostScanning s1 = TerracottaManager.setScanning();
+                            if (s1 != null) {
+                                UI_STATE.set(s1);
+                            }
+                        }).addCancel(() -> {
+                        }).build());
+                    }
+                });
+
+                LineButton guest = LineButton.of();
+                guest.setLeftIcon(SVG.ADD_CIRCLE);
+                guest.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.guest.title"));
+                guest.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.guest.desc"));
+                guest.setRightIcon(SVG.ARROW_FORWARD);
+                FXUtils.onClicked(guest, () -> {
+                    Controllers.prompt(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.title"), (code, resolve, reject) -> {
+                        Task<TerracottaState.GuestStarting> task = TerracottaManager.setGuesting(code);
+                        if (task != null) {
+                            task.whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (s, e) -> {
+                                if (e != null) {
+                                    reject.accept(i18n("terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.invalid"));
+                                } else {
+                                    resolve.run();
+                                    UI_STATE.set(s);
+                                }
+                            }).setSignificance(Task.TaskSignificance.MINOR).start();
+                        } else {
+                            resolve.run();
+                        }
+                    });
+                });
+
+                nodesProperty.setAll(flow, host, guest);
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.HostScanning) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.scanning"));
+                progressProperty.set(-1);
+
+                TextFlow body = FXUtils.segmentToTextFlow(i18n("terracotta.status.scanning.desc"), Controllers::onHyperlinkAction);
+                body.setLineSpacing(4);
+
+                LineButton room = LineButton.of();
+                room.setLeftIcon(SVG.ARROW_BACK);
+                room.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.back"));
+                room.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.scanning.back"));
+                FXUtils.onClicked(room, () -> {
+                    TerracottaState.Waiting s = TerracottaManager.setWaiting();
+                    if (s != null) {
+                        UI_STATE.set(s);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                nodesProperty.setAll(body, room);
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.HostStarting) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.host_starting"));
+                progressProperty.set(-1);
+
+                LineButton room = LineButton.of();
+                room.setLeftIcon(SVG.ARROW_BACK);
+                room.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.back"));
+                room.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.host_starting.back"));
+                FXUtils.onClicked(room, () -> {
+                    TerracottaState.Waiting s = TerracottaManager.setWaiting();
+                    if (s != null) {
+                        UI_STATE.set(s);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                nodesProperty.setAll(room);
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.HostOK hostOK) {
+                if (hostOK.isForkOf(legacyState)) {
+                    ((PlayerProfileUI) nodesProperty.get(nodesProperty.size() - 1)).updateProfiles(hostOK.getProfiles());
+                    return;
+                } else {
+                    String cs = hostOK.getCode();
+
+                    statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.host_ok"));
+                    progressProperty.set(1);
+
+                    VBox code = new VBox(4);
+                    code.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+                    {
+                        Label desc = new Label(i18n("terracotta.status.host_ok.code"));
+                        {
+                            ClipboardContent cp = new ClipboardContent();
+                            cp.putString(cs);
+                            Clipboard.getSystemClipboard().setContent(cp);
+                        }
+
+                        // FIXME: The implementation to display Room Code is ambiguous. Consider using a clearer JavaFX Element in the future.
+                        TextField label = new TextField(cs);
+                        label.setEditable(false);
+                        label.setFocusTraversable(false);
+                        label.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+                        label.setStyle("-fx-background-color: transparent; -fx-border-color: transparent;");
+                        VBox.setMargin(label, new Insets(10, 0, 10, 0));
+                        label.setScaleX(1.8);
+                        label.setScaleY(1.8);
+                        holder.add(FXUtils.onWeakChange(label.selectedTextProperty(), string -> {
+                            if (string != null && !string.isEmpty() && !cs.equals(string)) {
+                                label.selectAll();
+                            }
+                        }));
+
+                        code.getChildren().setAll(desc, label);
+                    }
+                    FXUtils.onClicked(code, () -> FXUtils.copyText(cs));
+
+                    LineButton copy = LineButton.of();
+                    copy.setLeftIcon(SVG.CONTENT_COPY);
+                    copy.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.status.host_ok.code.copy"));
+                    copy.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.host_ok.code.desc"));
+                    FXUtils.onClicked(copy, () -> FXUtils.copyText(cs));
+
+                    LineButton back = LineButton.of();
+                    back.setLeftIcon(SVG.ARROW_BACK);
+                    back.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.back"));
+                    back.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.host_ok.back"));
+                    FXUtils.onClicked(back, () -> {
+                        TerracottaState.Waiting s = TerracottaManager.setWaiting();
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    nodesProperty.setAll(code, copy, back, new PlayerProfileUI(hostOK.getProfiles()));
+                }
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.GuestStarting) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.guest_starting"));
+                progressProperty.set(-1);
+
+                LineButton room = LineButton.of();
+                room.setLeftIcon(SVG.ARROW_BACK);
+                room.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.back"));
+                room.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.guest_starting.back"));
+                FXUtils.onClicked(room, () -> {
+                    TerracottaState.Waiting s = TerracottaManager.setWaiting();
+                    if (s != null) {
+                        UI_STATE.set(s);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                nodesProperty.setAll(room);
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.GuestOK guestOK) {
+                if (guestOK.isForkOf(legacyState)) {
+                    ((PlayerProfileUI) nodesProperty.get(nodesProperty.size() - 1)).updateProfiles(guestOK.getProfiles());
+                    return;
+                } else {
+                    statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.guest_ok"));
+                    progressProperty.set(1);
+
+                    LineButton tutorial = LineButton.of();
+                    tutorial.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.status.guest_ok.title"));
+                    tutorial.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.guest_ok.desc", guestOK.getUrl()));
+
+                    LineButton back = LineButton.of();
+                    back.setLeftIcon(SVG.ARROW_BACK);
+                    back.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.back"));
+                    back.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.guest_ok.back"));
+                    FXUtils.onClicked(back, () -> {
+                        TerracottaState.Waiting s = TerracottaManager.setWaiting();
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    nodesProperty.setAll(tutorial, back, new PlayerProfileUI(guestOK.getProfiles()));
+                }
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Exception exception) {
+                statusProperty.set(i18n("terracotta.status.exception.desc." + exception.getType().name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)));
+                progressProperty.set(1);
+                nodesProperty.setAll();
+
+                LineButton back = LineButton.of();
+                back.setLeftIcon(SVG.ARROW_BACK);
+                back.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.back"));
+                back.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.status.exception.back"));
+                FXUtils.onClicked(back, () -> {
+                    TerracottaState.Waiting s = TerracottaManager.setWaiting();
+                    if (s != null) {
+                        UI_STATE.set(s);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                SpinnerPane exportLog = new SpinnerPane();
+                LineButton exportLogInner = LineButton.of();
+                exportLogInner.setLeftIcon(SVG.OUTPUT);
+                exportLogInner.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.export_log"));
+                exportLogInner.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.export_log.desc"));
+                exportLog.setContent(exportLogInner);
+                exportLog.getProperties().put("ComponentList.noPadding", true);
+                // FIXME: SpinnerPane loses its content width in loading state.
+                exportLog.minHeightProperty().bind(back.heightProperty());
+
+                FXUtils.onClicked(exportLogInner, () -> {
+                    exportLog.setLoading(true);
+
+                    TerracottaManager.exportLogs().thenAcceptAsync(Schedulers.io(), data -> {
+                        if (data == null || data.isEmpty()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        Path path = Path.of("terracotta-log-" + LocalDateTime.now().format(
+                                DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH-mm-ss")
+                        ) + ".zip").toAbsolutePath();
+                        try (Zipper zipper = new Zipper(path)) {
+                            zipper.putTextFile(data, StandardCharsets.UTF_8, "terracotta.log");
+                            try (OutputStream os = zipper.putStream("hmcl-latest.log")) {
+                                Logger.LOG.exportLogs(os);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        FXUtils.showFileInExplorer(path);
+                    }).thenRunAsync(
+                            () -> Thread.sleep(3000)
+                    ).whenComplete(
+                            Schedulers.javafx(),
+                            e -> exportLog.setLoading(false)
+                    ).start();
+                });
+
+                nodesProperty.setAll(back, exportLog);
+            } else if (state instanceof TerracottaState.Fatal fatal) {
+                String message = i18n("terracotta.status.fatal." + fatal.getType().name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT));
+
+                statusProperty.set(message);
+                progressProperty.set(1);
+
+                if (fatal.isRecoverable()) {
+                    LineButton retry = LineButton.of();
+                    retry.setLeftIcon(SVG.RESTORE);
+                    retry.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.status.fatal.retry"));
+                    retry.setSubtitle(message);
+                    FXUtils.onClicked(retry, () -> {
+                        TerracottaState s = TerracottaManager.recover(null);
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            UI_STATE.set(s);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    if (fatal.getType() == TerracottaState.Fatal.Type.NETWORK) {
+                        nodesProperty.setAll(retry, getThirdPartyDownloadNodes());
+                    } else {
+                        nodesProperty.setAll(retry);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    nodesProperty.setAll();
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new AssertionError(state.getClass().getName());
+            }
+
+            ComponentList components = new ComponentList();
+            {
+                VBox statusPane = new VBox(8);
+                VBox.setMargin(statusPane, new Insets(0, 0, 0, 4));
+                {
+                    Label status = new Label();
+                    status.textProperty().bind(statusProperty);
+                    JFXProgressBar progress = new JFXProgressBar();
+                    progress.progressProperty().bind(progressProperty);
+                    progress.setMaxWidth(Double.MAX_VALUE);
+
+                    statusPane.getChildren().setAll(status, progress);
+                }
+
+                ObservableList<Node> children = components.getContent();
+                children.add(statusPane);
+                children.addAll(nodesProperty);
+            }
+
+            transition.setContent(components, ContainerAnimations.SWIPE_LEFT_FADE_SHORT);
+        };
+        listener.changed(UI_STATE, null, UI_STATE.get());
+        holder.add(listener);
+        UI_STATE.addListener(new WeakChangeListener<>(listener));
+
+        VBox content = new VBox(10);
+        content.getChildren().addAll(ComponentList.createComponentListTitle(i18n("terracotta.status")), transition);
+        content.setPadding(new Insets(10));
+        content.setFillWidth(true);
+
+        ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane(content);
+        FXUtils.smoothScrolling(scrollPane);
+        scrollPane.setFitToWidth(true);
+
+        getChildren().setAll(scrollPane);
+    }
+
+    private ComponentList getThirdPartyDownloadNodes() {
+        ComponentSublist locals = new ComponentSublist();
+        locals.setComponentPadding(false);
+
+        LineButton header = LineButton.of(false);
+        header.setLeftImage(FXUtils.newBuiltinImage("/assets/img/terracotta.png"));
+        header.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.from_local.title"));
+        header.setSubtitle(i18n("terracotta.from_local.desc"));
+        locals.setHeaderLeft(header);
+
+        for (TerracottaMetadata.Link link : TerracottaMetadata.getPackageLinks()) {
+            HBox node = new HBox();
+            node.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER_LEFT);
+            node.setPadding(new Insets(10, 16, 10, 16));
+
+            Label description = new Label(link.description().getText(I18n.getLocale().getCandidateLocales()));
+            HBox placeholder = new HBox();
+            HBox.setHgrow(placeholder, Priority.ALWAYS);
+            Node icon = SVG.OPEN_IN_NEW.createIcon(Theme.blackFill(), 16);
+            node.getChildren().setAll(description, placeholder, icon);
+
+            String url = link.link();
+            RipplerContainer container = new RipplerContainer(node);
+            container.setOnMouseClicked(ev -> Controllers.dialog(
+                    i18n("terracotta.from_local.guide", TerracottaMetadata.PACKAGE_NAME),
+                    i18n("message.info"), MessageDialogPane.MessageType.INFO,
+                    () -> FXUtils.openLink(url)
+            ));
+            container.getProperties().put("ComponentList.noPadding", true);
+            locals.getContent().add(container);
+        }
+        return locals;
+    }
+
+    private static final class LineButton extends RipplerContainer {
+        private final WeakListenerHolder holder = new WeakListenerHolder();
+
+        private final TwoLineListItem middle = new TwoLineListItem();
+        private final ObjectProperty<Node> left = new SimpleObjectProperty<>();
+        private final ObjectProperty<Node> right = new SimpleObjectProperty<>();
+
+        public static LineButton of() {
+            return of(true);
+        }
+
+        public static LineButton of(boolean padding) {
+            HBox container = new HBox();
+            if (padding) {
+                container.setPadding(new Insets(10, 16, 10, 16));
+            }
+            container.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER_LEFT);
+            container.setCursor(Cursor.HAND);
+            container.setSpacing(16);
+
+            LineButton button = new LineButton(container);
+            VBox spacing = new VBox();
+            HBox.setHgrow(spacing, Priority.ALWAYS);
+            button.holder.add(FXUtils.observeWeak(() -> {
+                List<Node> nodes = new ArrayList<>(4);
+                Node left = button.left.get();
+                if (left != null) {
+                    nodes.add(left);
+                }
+
+                nodes.add(button.middle);
+                nodes.add(spacing);
+
+                Node right = button.right.get();
+                if (right != null) {
+                    nodes.add(right);
+                }
+
+                container.getChildren().setAll(nodes);
+            }, button.middle.titleProperty(), button.middle.subtitleProperty(), button.left, button.right));
+            button.getProperties().put("ComponentList.noPadding", true);
+
+            return button;
+        }
+
+        private LineButton(Node container) {
+            super(container);
+        }
+
+        public void setTitle(String title) {
+            this.middle.setTitle(title);
+        }
+
+        public void setSubtitle(String subtitle) {
+            this.middle.setSubtitle(subtitle);
+        }
+
+        public void setLeftImage(Image left) {
+            this.left.set(new ImageView(left));
+        }
+
+        public void setLeftIcon(SVG left) {
+            this.left.set(left.createIcon(Theme.blackFill(), 28));
+        }
+
+        public void setRightIcon(SVG right) {
+            this.right.set(right.createIcon(Theme.blackFill(), 28));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class PlayerProfileUI extends VBox {
+        private final TransitionPane transition;
+
+        public PlayerProfileUI(List<TerracottaProfile> profiles) {
+            super(8);
+            VBox.setMargin(this, new Insets(0, 0, 0, 4));
+            {
+                Label status = new Label();
+                status.setText(i18n("terracotta.player_list"));
+
+                transition = new TransitionPane();
+                getChildren().setAll(status, transition);
+
+                updateProfiles(profiles);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateProfiles(List<TerracottaProfile> profiles) {
+            VBox pane = new VBox(8);
+
+            for (TerracottaProfile profile : profiles) {
+                TwoLineListItem item = new TwoLineListItem();
+                item.setTitle(profile.getName());
+                item.setSubtitle(profile.getVendor());
+                item.getTags().setAll(TwoLineListItem.createTagLabel(
+                        i18n("terracotta.player_kind." + profile.getType().name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)))
+                );
+
+                pane.getChildren().add(item);
+            }
+
+            this.transition.setContent(pane, ContainerAnimations.SWIPE_LEFT_FADE_SHORT);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.terracotta;
+
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyObjectProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.ReadOnlyObjectWrapper;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.Metadata;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.FXUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.SVG;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.animation.ContainerAnimations;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.animation.TransitionPane;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.AdvancedListBox;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.AdvancedListItem;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.PageAware;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.construct.TabHeader;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.decorator.DecoratorAnimatedPage;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.decorator.DecoratorPage;
+
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.versions.VersionPage.wrap;
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
+
+public class TerracottaPage extends DecoratorAnimatedPage implements DecoratorPage, PageAware {
+    private final ReadOnlyObjectWrapper<State> state = new ReadOnlyObjectWrapper<>(State.fromTitle(i18n("terracotta.terracotta")));
+    private final TabHeader tab;
+    private final TabHeader.Tab<TerracottaControllerPage> statusPage = new TabHeader.Tab<>("statusPage");
+    private final TransitionPane transitionPane = new TransitionPane();
+
+    public TerracottaPage() {
+        statusPage.setNodeSupplier(TerracottaControllerPage::new);
+        tab = new TabHeader(statusPage);
+        tab.select(statusPage);
+
+        transitionPane.setContent(statusPage.getNode(), ContainerAnimations.NONE);
+        FXUtils.onChange(tab.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty(), newValue -> {
+            transitionPane.setContent(newValue.getNode(), ContainerAnimations.FADE);
+        });
+
+        AdvancedListItem chatItem = new AdvancedListItem();
+        chatItem.setLeftGraphic(wrap(SVG.CHAT));
+        chatItem.setActionButtonVisible(false);
+        chatItem.setTitle(i18n("chat"));
+        chatItem.setOnAction(e -> FXUtils.openLink(Metadata.GROUPS_URL));
+
+        AdvancedListItem easytierItem = new AdvancedListItem();
+        easytierItem.setLeftGraphic(wrap(SVG.HOST));
+        easytierItem.setActionButtonVisible(false);
+        easytierItem.setTitle(i18n("terracotta.easytier"));
+        easytierItem.setOnAction(e -> FXUtils.openLink("https://easytier.cn/"));
+
+        AdvancedListBox sideBar = new AdvancedListBox()
+                .addNavigationDrawerTab(tab, statusPage, i18n("terracotta.status"), SVG.TUNE)
+                .startCategory(i18n("help").toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT))
+                .add(chatItem)
+                .add(easytierItem);
+        FXUtils.setLimitWidth(sideBar, 200);
+        setLeft(sideBar);
+
+        setCenter(transitionPane);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onPageShown() {
+        tab.onPageShown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onPageHidden() {
+        tab.onPageHidden();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ReadOnlyObjectProperty<State> stateProperty() {
+        return state.getReadOnlyProperty();
+    }
+}
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import javafx.geometry.Insets;
 import javafx.geometry.Pos;
 import javafx.scene.Node;
 import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
 import javafx.scene.control.SelectionMode;
 import javafx.scene.control.SkinBase;
 import javafx.scene.image.Image;
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.mod.curse.CurseForgeRemoteModRepository;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.mod.modrinth.ModrinthRemoteModRepository;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Profile;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.Theme;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.VersionIconType;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Schedulers;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.task.Task;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.ui.Controllers;
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

+import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
 import java.nio.file.FileSystem;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils.isNotBlank;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.I18n.i18n;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

-class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
+final class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {

    private final TransitionPane toolbarPane;
    private final HBox searchBar;
@@ -279,6 +282,85 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
        }
    }

+    private static Task<Image> loadModIcon(LocalModFile modFile, int size) {
+        return Task.supplyAsync(() -> {
+            List<String> iconPaths = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modFile.getLogoPath())) {
+                iconPaths.add(modFile.getLogoPath());
+            }
+
+            iconPaths.addAll(List.of(
+                    "icon.png",
+                    "logo.png",
+                    "mod_logo.png",
+                    "pack.png",
+                    "logoFile.png",
+                    "assets/icon.png",
+                    "assets/logo.png",
+                    "assets/mod_icon.png",
+                    "assets/mod_logo.png",
+                    "META-INF/icon.png",
+                    "META-INF/logo.png",
+                    "META-INF/mod_icon.png",
+                    "textures/icon.png",
+                    "textures/logo.png",
+                    "textures/mod_icon.png",
+                    "resources/icon.png",
+                    "resources/logo.png",
+                    "resources/mod_icon.png"
+            ));
+
+            String modId = modFile.getId();
+            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modId)) {
+                iconPaths.addAll(List.of(
+                        "assets/" + modId + "/icon.png",
+                        "assets/" + modId + "/logo.png",
+                        "assets/" + modId.replace("-", "") + "/icon.png",
+                        "assets/" + modId.replace("-", "") + "/logo.png",
+                        modId + ".png",
+                        modId + "-logo.png",
+                        modId + "-icon.png",
+                        modId + "_logo.png",
+                        modId + "_icon.png",
+                        "textures/" + modId + "/icon.png",
+                        "textures/" + modId + "/logo.png",
+                        "resources/" + modId + "/icon.png",
+                        "resources/" + modId + "/logo.png"
+                ));
+            }
+
+            try (FileSystem fs = CompressingUtils.createReadOnlyZipFileSystem(modFile.getFile())) {
+                for (String path : iconPaths) {
+                    Path iconPath = fs.getPath(path);
+                    if (Files.exists(iconPath)) {
+                        Image image = FXUtils.loadImage(iconPath, size, size, true, true);
+                        if (!image.isError() &&
+                                image.getWidth() > 0 &&
+                                image.getHeight() > 0 &&
+                                Math.abs(image.getWidth() - image.getHeight()) < 1) {
+                            return image;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                LOG.warning("Failed to load mod icons", e);
+            }
+
+            VersionIconType defaultIcon = switch (modFile.getModLoaderType()) {
+                case FORGE -> VersionIconType.FORGE;
+                case NEO_FORGED -> VersionIconType.NEO_FORGE;
+                case FABRIC -> VersionIconType.FABRIC;
+                case QUILT -> VersionIconType.QUILT;
+                case LITE_LOADER -> VersionIconType.CHICKEN;
+                case CLEANROOM -> VersionIconType.CLEANROOM;
+                default -> VersionIconType.COMMAND;
+            };
+
+            return defaultIcon.getIcon(size);
+        });
+    }
+
    static class ModInfoObject extends RecursiveTreeObject<ModInfoObject> implements Comparable<ModInfoObject> {
        private final BooleanProperty active;
        private final LocalModFile localModFile;
@@ -286,22 +368,25 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
        private final String message;
        private final ModTranslations.Mod mod;

+        private SoftReference<Image> iconCache;
+
        ModInfoObject(LocalModFile localModFile) {
            this.localModFile = localModFile;
            this.active = localModFile.activeProperty();

-            StringBuilder title = new StringBuilder(localModFile.getName());
-            if (isNotBlank(localModFile.getVersion()))
-                title.append(" ").append(localModFile.getVersion());
-            this.title = title.toString();
-
-            StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder(localModFile.getFileName());
-            if (isNotBlank(localModFile.getGameVersion()))
-                message.append(", ").append(i18n("mods.game.version")).append(": ").append(localModFile.getGameVersion());
-            if (isNotBlank(localModFile.getAuthors()))
-                message.append(", ").append(i18n("archive.author")).append(": ").append(localModFile.getAuthors());
-            this.message = message.toString();
+            this.title = localModFile.getName();

+            List<String> parts = new ArrayList<>();
+            if (isNotBlank(localModFile.getId())) {
+                parts.add(localModFile.getId());
+            }
+            if (isNotBlank(localModFile.getVersion())) {
+                parts.add(localModFile.getVersion());
+            }
+            if (isNotBlank(localModFile.getGameVersion())) {
+                parts.add(i18n("game.version") + ": " + localModFile.getGameVersion());
+            }
+            this.message = String.join(", ", parts);
            this.mod = ModTranslations.MOD.getModById(localModFile.getId());
        }

@@ -334,77 +419,45 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
            titleContainer.setSpacing(8);

            ImageView imageView = new ImageView();
-            Task.supplyAsync(() -> {
-                try (FileSystem fs = CompressingUtils.createReadOnlyZipFileSystem(modInfo.getModInfo().getFile())) {
-                    String logoPath = modInfo.getModInfo().getLogoPath();
-                    if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(logoPath)) {
-                        Path iconPath = fs.getPath(logoPath);
-                        if (Files.exists(iconPath)) {
-                            try {
-                                Image image = FXUtils.loadImage(iconPath, 40, 40, true, true);
-                                if (!image.isError() && image.getWidth() == image.getHeight())
-                                    return image;
-                            } catch (Throwable e) {
-                                LOG.warning("Failed to load image " + logoPath, e);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    List<String> defaultPaths = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(
-                            "icon.png",
-                            "logo.png",
-                            "mod_logo.png",
-                            "pack.png",
-                            "logoFile.png"
-                    ));
-
-                    String id = modInfo.getModInfo().getId();
-                    if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(id)) {
-                        defaultPaths.addAll(Arrays.asList(
-                                "assets/" + id + "/icon.png",
-                                "assets/" + id.replace("-", "") + "/icon.png",
-                                id + ".png",
-                                id + "-logo.png",
-                                id + "-icon.png",
-                                id + "_logo.png",
-                                id + "_icon.png"
-                        ));
-                    }
-
-                    for (String path : defaultPaths) {
-                        Path iconPath = fs.getPath(path);
-                        if (Files.exists(iconPath)) {
-                            Image image = FXUtils.loadImage(iconPath, 40, 40, true, true);
-                            if (!image.isError() && image.getWidth() == image.getHeight())
-                                return image;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } catch (Exception e) {
-                    LOG.warning("Failed to load icon", e);
-                }
-
-                return null;
-            }).whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (image, exception) -> {
-                if (image != null) {
-                    imageView.setImage(image);
-                } else {
-                    imageView.setImage(FXUtils.newBuiltinImage("/assets/img/command.png", 40, 40, true, true));
-                }
-            }).start();
+            FXUtils.limitSize(imageView, 40, 40);
+            loadModIcon(modInfo.getModInfo(), 40)
+                    .whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (image, exception) -> {
+                        imageView.setImage(image);
+                    }).start();

            TwoLineListItem title = new TwoLineListItem();
            title.setTitle(modInfo.getModInfo().getName());
-            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modInfo.getModInfo().getVersion())) {
-                title.addTag(modInfo.getModInfo().getVersion());
+            if (modInfo.getMod() != null) {
+                title.addTag(modInfo.getMod().getDisplayName());
            }
-            title.setSubtitle(FileUtils.getName(modInfo.getModInfo().getFile()));
+
+            List<String> subtitleParts = new ArrayList<>();
+            subtitleParts.add(FileUtils.getName(modInfo.getModInfo().getFile()));
+            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modInfo.getModInfo().getGameVersion())) {
+                subtitleParts.add(modInfo.getModInfo().getGameVersion());
+            }
+            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modInfo.getModInfo().getVersion())) {
+                subtitleParts.add(modInfo.getModInfo().getVersion());
+            }
+            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modInfo.getModInfo().getAuthors())) {
+                subtitleParts.add(i18n("archive.author") + ": " + modInfo.getModInfo().getAuthors());
+            }
+            title.setSubtitle(String.join(", ", subtitleParts));

            titleContainer.getChildren().setAll(FXUtils.limitingSize(imageView, 40, 40), title);
            setHeading(titleContainer);

            Label description = new Label(modInfo.getModInfo().getDescription().toString());
+            description.setWrapText(true);
            FXUtils.copyOnDoubleClick(description);
-            setBody(description);
+
+            ScrollPane descriptionPane = new ScrollPane(description);
+            FXUtils.smoothScrolling(descriptionPane);
+            descriptionPane.setHbarPolicy(ScrollPane.ScrollBarPolicy.NEVER);
+            descriptionPane.setVbarPolicy(ScrollPane.ScrollBarPolicy.AS_NEEDED);
+            descriptionPane.setFitToWidth(true);
+
+            setBody(descriptionPane);

            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(modInfo.getModInfo().getId())) {
                for (Pair<String, ? extends RemoteModRepository> item : Arrays.asList(
@@ -512,6 +565,7 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {

    final class ModInfoListCell extends MDListCell<ModInfoObject> {
        JFXCheckBox checkBox = new JFXCheckBox();
+        ImageView imageView = new ImageView();
        TwoLineListItem content = new TwoLineListItem();
        JFXButton restoreButton = new JFXButton();
        JFXButton infoButton = new JFXButton();
@@ -528,6 +582,11 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
            content.setMouseTransparent(true);
            setSelectable();

+            imageView.setFitWidth(24);
+            imageView.setFitHeight(24);
+            imageView.setPreserveRatio(true);
+            imageView.setImage(FXUtils.newBuiltinImage("/assets/img/command.png", 24, 24, true, true));
+
            restoreButton.getStyleClass().add("toggle-icon4");
            restoreButton.setGraphic(FXUtils.limitingSize(SVG.RESTORE.createIcon(Theme.blackFill(), 24), 24, 24));

@@ -539,7 +598,7 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
            infoButton.getStyleClass().add("toggle-icon4");
            infoButton.setGraphic(FXUtils.limitingSize(SVG.INFO.createIcon(Theme.blackFill(), 24), 24, 24));

-            container.getChildren().setAll(checkBox, content, restoreButton, revealButton, infoButton);
+            container.getChildren().setAll(checkBox, imageView, content, restoreButton, revealButton, infoButton);

            StackPane.setMargin(container, new Insets(8));
            getContainer().getChildren().setAll(container);
@@ -548,6 +607,19 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
        @Override
        protected void updateControl(ModInfoObject dataItem, boolean empty) {
            if (empty) return;
+
+            SoftReference<Image> iconCache = dataItem.iconCache;
+            Image icon;
+            if (iconCache != null && (icon = iconCache.get()) != null) {
+                imageView.setImage(icon);
+            } else {
+                loadModIcon(dataItem.getModInfo(), 24)
+                        .whenComplete(Schedulers.javafx(), (image, exception) -> {
+                            dataItem.iconCache = new SoftReference<>(image);
+                            imageView.setImage(image);
+                        }).start();
+            }
+
            content.setTitle(dataItem.getTitle());
            content.getTags().clear();
            switch (dataItem.getModInfo().getModLoaderType()) {
@@ -571,9 +643,14 @@ class ModListPageSkin extends SkinBase<ModListPage> {
                    break;
            }
            if (dataItem.getMod() != null && I18n.isUseChinese()) {
-                content.addTag(dataItem.getMod().getDisplayName());
+                if (isNotBlank(dataItem.getSubtitle())) {
+                    content.setSubtitle(dataItem.getSubtitle() + ", " + dataItem.getMod().getDisplayName());
+                } else {
+                    content.setSubtitle(dataItem.getMod().getDisplayName());
+                }
+            } else {
+                content.setSubtitle(dataItem.getSubtitle());
            }
-            content.setSubtitle(dataItem.getSubtitle());
            if (booleanProperty != null) {
                checkBox.selectedProperty().unbindBidirectional(booleanProperty);
            }
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ public final class VersionSettingsPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPag
                    copyGlobalPane.setLeft(label);
                    BorderPane.setAlignment(label, Pos.CENTER_LEFT);

-                    JFXButton copyAll = new JFXButton(i18n("settings.game.copy_global.copy_all"));
+                    JFXButton copyAll = FXUtils.newBorderButton(i18n("settings.game.copy_global.copy_all"));
                    copyAll.disableProperty().bind(modpack);
                    copyGlobalPane.setRight(copyAll);
                    copyAll.setOnAction(e -> Controllers.confirm(i18n("settings.game.copy_global.copy_all.confirm"), null, () -> {
@@ -209,7 +209,6 @@ public final class VersionSettingsPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPag

                        PropertyUtils.copyProperties(profile.getGlobal(), lastVersionSetting, name -> !ignored.contains(name));
                    }, null));
-                    copyAll.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-border");
                    BorderPane.setAlignment(copyAll, Pos.CENTER_RIGHT);
                }

@@ -456,7 +455,7 @@ public final class VersionSettingsPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPag
                showAdvancedSettingPane.setLeft(label);
                BorderPane.setAlignment(label, Pos.CENTER_LEFT);

-                JFXButton button = new JFXButton(i18n("settings.advanced.modify"));
+                JFXButton button = FXUtils.newBorderButton(i18n("settings.advanced.modify"));
                button.setOnAction(e -> {
                    if (lastVersionSetting != null) {
                        if (advancedVersionSettingPage == null)
@@ -465,7 +464,6 @@ public final class VersionSettingsPage extends StackPane implements DecoratorPag
                        Controllers.navigate(advancedVersionSettingPage);
                    }
                });
-                button.getStyleClass().add("jfx-button-border");
                showAdvancedSettingPane.setRight(button);
            }

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import java.util.Optional;

 public final class RemoteVersion {

-    public static RemoteVersion fetch(UpdateChannel channel, String url) throws IOException {
+    public static RemoteVersion fetch(UpdateChannel channel, boolean preview, String url) throws IOException {
        try {
            JsonObject response = JsonUtils.fromNonNullJson(NetworkUtils.doGet(url), JsonObject.class);
            String version = Optional.ofNullable(response.get("version")).map(JsonElement::getAsString).orElseThrow(() -> new IOException("version is missing"));
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public final class RemoteVersion {
            String jarHash = Optional.ofNullable(response.get("jarsha1")).map(JsonElement::getAsString).orElse(null);
            boolean force = Optional.ofNullable(response.get("force")).map(JsonElement::getAsBoolean).orElse(false);
            if (jarUrl != null && jarHash != null) {
-                return new RemoteVersion(channel, version, jarUrl, Type.JAR, new IntegrityCheck("SHA-1", jarHash), force);
+                return new RemoteVersion(channel, version, jarUrl, Type.JAR, new IntegrityCheck("SHA-1", jarHash), preview, force);
            } else {
                throw new IOException("No download url is available");
            }
@@ -51,14 +51,16 @@ public final class RemoteVersion {
    private final String url;
    private final Type type;
    private final IntegrityCheck integrityCheck;
+    private final boolean preview;
    private final boolean force;

-    public RemoteVersion(UpdateChannel channel, String version, String url, Type type, IntegrityCheck integrityCheck, boolean force) {
+    public RemoteVersion(UpdateChannel channel, String version, String url, Type type, IntegrityCheck integrityCheck, boolean preview, boolean force) {
        this.channel = channel;
        this.version = version;
        this.url = url;
        this.type = type;
        this.integrityCheck = integrityCheck;
+        this.preview = preview;
        this.force = force;
    }

@@ -82,6 +84,10 @@ public final class RemoteVersion {
        return integrityCheck;
    }

+    public boolean isPreview() {
+        return preview;
+    }
+
    public boolean isForce() {
        return force;
    }
@@ -27,14 +27,15 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.versioning.VersionNumber;

 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;

-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang.mapOf;
-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang.thread;
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.setting.ConfigHolder.config;
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang.*;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Pair.pair;

 public final class UpdateChecker {
-    private UpdateChecker() {}
+    private UpdateChecker() {
+    }

    private static final ObjectProperty<RemoteVersion> latestVersion = new SimpleObjectProperty<>();
    private static final BooleanBinding outdated = Bindings.createBooleanBinding(
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ public final class UpdateChecker {
    private static final ReadOnlyBooleanWrapper checkingUpdate = new ReadOnlyBooleanWrapper(false);

    public static void init() {
-        requestCheckUpdate(UpdateChannel.getChannel());
+        requestCheckUpdate(UpdateChannel.getChannel(), config().isAcceptPreviewUpdate());
    }

    public static RemoteVersion getLatestVersion() {
@@ -82,16 +83,17 @@ public final class UpdateChecker {
        return checkingUpdate.getReadOnlyProperty();
    }

-    private static RemoteVersion checkUpdate(UpdateChannel channel) throws IOException {
+    private static RemoteVersion checkUpdate(UpdateChannel channel, boolean preview) throws IOException {
        if (!IntegrityChecker.DISABLE_SELF_INTEGRITY_CHECK && !IntegrityChecker.isSelfVerified()) {
            throw new IOException("Self verification failed");
        }

-        String url = NetworkUtils.withQuery(Metadata.HMCL_UPDATE_URL, mapOf(
-                pair("version", Metadata.VERSION),
-                pair("channel", channel.channelName)));
+        var query = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
+        query.put("version", Metadata.VERSION);
+        query.put("channel", preview ? channel.channelName + "-preview" : channel.channelName);

-        return RemoteVersion.fetch(channel, url);
+        String url = NetworkUtils.withQuery(Metadata.HMCL_UPDATE_URL, query);
+        return RemoteVersion.fetch(channel, preview, url);
    }

    private static boolean isDevelopmentVersion(String version) {
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ public final class UpdateChecker {
                version.contains("SNAPSHOT"); // eg. 3.5.SNAPSHOT
    }

-    public static void requestCheckUpdate(UpdateChannel channel) {
+    public static void requestCheckUpdate(UpdateChannel channel, boolean preview) {
        Platform.runLater(() -> {
            if (isCheckingUpdate())
                return;
@@ -108,8 +110,8 @@ public final class UpdateChecker {
            thread(() -> {
                RemoteVersion result = null;
                try {
-                    result = checkUpdate(channel);
-                    LOG.info("Latest version (" + channel + ") is " + result);
+                    result = checkUpdate(channel, preview);
+                    LOG.info("Latest version (" + channel + ", preview=" + preview + ") is " + result);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    LOG.warning("Failed to check for update", e);
                }
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.ChecksumMismatchException;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.java.JavaRuntime;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.JarUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.Platform;

 import javax.swing.*;
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
-import java.util.jar.Manifest;

 import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toSet;
@@ -253,14 +253,7 @@ public final class SelfDependencyPatcher {
                .map(DependencyDescriptor::localPath)
                .toArray(Path[]::new);

-        String addOpens = null;
-        try (InputStream input = SelfDependencyPatcher.class.getResourceAsStream("/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF")) {
-            if (input != null)
-                addOpens = new Manifest(input).getMainAttributes().getValue("Add-Opens");
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to read MANIFEST.MF file", e);
-        }
-
+        String addOpens = JarUtils.getAttribute("hmcl.add-opens", null);
        JavaFXPatcher.patch(modules, jars, addOpens != null ? addOpens.split(" ") : new String[0]);
    }

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.download.RemoteVersion;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.download.game.GameRemoteVersion;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n.Locales.SupportedLocale;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.versioning.GameVersionNumber;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ public final class I18n {
    private I18n() {
    }

-    private static volatile SupportedLocale locale = Locales.DEFAULT;
+    private static volatile SupportedLocale locale = SupportedLocale.DEFAULT;

    public static void setLocale(SupportedLocale locale) {
        I18n.locale = locale;
@@ -44,6 +43,10 @@ public final class I18n {
        return locale;
    }

+    public static boolean isUpsideDown() {
+        return LocaleUtils.getScript(locale.getLocale()).equals("Qabs");
+    }
+
    public static boolean isUseChinese() {
        return LocaleUtils.isChinese(locale.getLocale());
    }
@@ -71,6 +74,11 @@ public final class I18n {
            else
                return WenyanUtils.translateGenericVersion(version.getSelfVersion());
        }
+
+        if (LocaleUtils.isEnglish(locale.getLocale()) && "Qabs".equals(LocaleUtils.getScript(locale.getLocale()))) {
+            return UpsideDownUtils.translate(version.getSelfVersion());
+        }
+
        return version.getSelfVersion();
    }

@@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
- * Copyright (C) 2021  huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;
-
-import com.google.gson.annotations.JsonAdapter;
-import com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader;
-import com.google.gson.stream.JsonWriter;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.time.ZoneId;
-import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
-import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
-import java.util.*;
-
-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
-
-public final class Locales {
-    private Locales() {
-    }
-
-
-    public static final SupportedLocale DEFAULT;
-
-    static {
-        String language = System.getenv("HMCL_LANGUAGE");
-        DEFAULT = new SupportedLocale(true, "def",
-                StringUtils.isBlank(language) ? LocaleUtils.SYSTEM_DEFAULT : Locale.forLanguageTag(language));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * English
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale EN = new SupportedLocale("en");
-
-    /**
-     * Spanish
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale ES = new SupportedLocale("es");
-
-    /**
-     * Russian
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale RU = new SupportedLocale("ru");
-
-    /**
-     * Ukrainian
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale UK = new SupportedLocale("uk");
-
-    /**
-     * Japanese
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale JA = new SupportedLocale("ja");
-
-    /**
-     * Chinese (Simplified)
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale ZH_HANS = new SupportedLocale("zh_CN", LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANS);
-
-    /**
-     * Chinese (Traditional)
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale ZH_HANT = new SupportedLocale("zh", LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANT);
-
-    /**
-     * Wenyan (Classical Chinese)
-     */
-    public static final SupportedLocale WENYAN = new SupportedLocale("lzh");
-
-    public static final List<SupportedLocale> LOCALES = List.of(DEFAULT, EN, ES, JA, RU, UK, ZH_HANS, ZH_HANT, WENYAN);
-
-    public static SupportedLocale getLocaleByName(String name) {
-        if (name == null) return DEFAULT;
-
-        for (SupportedLocale locale : LOCALES) {
-            if (locale.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name))
-                return locale;
-        }
-
-        return DEFAULT;
-    }
-
-    @JsonAdapter(SupportedLocale.TypeAdapter.class)
-    public static final class SupportedLocale {
-        private final boolean isDefault;
-        private final String name;
-        private final Locale locale;
-        private ResourceBundle resourceBundle;
-        private DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter;
-        private List<Locale> candidateLocales;
-
-        SupportedLocale(boolean isDefault, String name, Locale locale) {
-            this.isDefault = isDefault;
-            this.name = name;
-            this.locale = locale;
-        }
-
-        SupportedLocale(String name) {
-            this(false, name, Locale.forLanguageTag(name));
-        }
-
-        SupportedLocale(String name, Locale locale) {
-            this(false, name, locale);
-        }
-
-        public boolean isDefault() {
-            return isDefault;
-        }
-
-        public String getName() {
-            return name;
-        }
-
-        public Locale getLocale() {
-            return locale;
-        }
-
-        public String getDisplayName(SupportedLocale inLocale) {
-            if (isDefault()) {
-                try {
-                    return inLocale.getResourceBundle().getString("lang.default");
-                } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    LOG.warning("Failed to get localized name for default locale", e);
-                    return "Default";
-                }
-            }
-
-            Locale inJavaLocale = inLocale.getLocale();
-            if (LocaleUtils.isISO3Language(inJavaLocale.getLanguage())) {
-                String iso1 = LocaleUtils.getISO1Language(inJavaLocale);
-                if (LocaleUtils.isISO1Language(iso1)) {
-                    Locale.Builder builder = new Locale.Builder()
-                            .setLocale(inJavaLocale)
-                            .setLanguage(iso1);
-
-                    if (inJavaLocale.getScript().isEmpty())
-                        builder.setScript(LocaleUtils.getScript(inJavaLocale));
-
-                    inJavaLocale = builder.build();
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (this.locale.getLanguage().equals("lzh")) {
-                if (inJavaLocale.getLanguage().equals("zh"))
-                    return "文言";
-
-                String name = locale.getDisplayName(inJavaLocale);
-                return name.equals("lzh") || name.equals("Literary Chinese")
-                        ? "Chinese (Classical)"
-                        : name;
-            }
-
-            return locale.getDisplayName(inJavaLocale);
-        }
-
-        public ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
-            ResourceBundle bundle = resourceBundle;
-            if (resourceBundle == null)
-                resourceBundle = bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("assets.lang.I18N", locale,
-                        DefaultResourceBundleControl.INSTANCE);
-
-            return bundle;
-        }
-
-        public List<Locale> getCandidateLocales() {
-            if (candidateLocales == null)
-                candidateLocales = List.copyOf(LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(locale));
-            return candidateLocales;
-        }
-
-        public String i18n(String key, Object... formatArgs) {
-            try {
-                return String.format(getResourceBundle().getString(key), formatArgs);
-            } catch (MissingResourceException e) {
-                LOG.error("Cannot find key " + key + " in resource bundle", e);
-            } catch (IllegalFormatException e) {
-                LOG.error("Illegal format string, key=" + key + ", args=" + Arrays.toString(formatArgs), e);
-            }
-
-            return key + Arrays.toString(formatArgs);
-        }
-
-        public String i18n(String key) {
-            try {
-                return getResourceBundle().getString(key);
-            } catch (MissingResourceException e) {
-                LOG.error("Cannot find key " + key + " in resource bundle", e);
-                return key;
-            }
-        }
-
-        public String formatDateTime(TemporalAccessor time) {
-            DateTimeFormatter formatter = dateTimeFormatter;
-            if (formatter == null) {
-                if (locale.getLanguage().equals("lzh"))
-                    return WenyanUtils.formatDateTime(time);
-
-                formatter = dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(getResourceBundle().getString("datetime.format"))
-                        .withZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
-            }
-            return formatter.format(time);
-        }
-
-        public String getFcMatchPattern() {
-            String language = locale.getLanguage();
-            String region = locale.getCountry();
-
-            if (LocaleUtils.isEnglish(locale))
-                return "";
-
-            if (LocaleUtils.isChinese(locale)) {
-                String lang;
-                String charset;
-
-                String script = LocaleUtils.getScript(locale);
-                switch (script) {
-                    case "Hans":
-                        lang = region.equals("SG") || region.equals("MY")
-                                ? "zh-" + region
-                                : "zh-CN";
-                        charset = "0x6e38,0x620f";
-                        break;
-                    case "Hant":
-                        lang = region.equals("HK") || region.equals("MO")
-                                ? "zh-" + region
-                                : "zh-TW";
-                        charset = "0x904a,0x6232";
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        return "";
-                }
-
-                return ":lang=" + lang + ":charset=" + charset;
-            }
-
-            return region.isEmpty() ? language : language + "-" + region;
-        }
-
-        public boolean isSameLanguage(SupportedLocale other) {
-            return LocaleUtils.getISO1Language(this.getLocale())
-                    .equals(LocaleUtils.getISO1Language(other.getLocale()));
-        }
-
-        public static final class TypeAdapter extends com.google.gson.TypeAdapter<SupportedLocale> {
-            @Override
-            public void write(JsonWriter out, SupportedLocale value) throws IOException {
-                out.value(value.getName());
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public SupportedLocale read(JsonReader in) throws IOException {
-                return getLocaleByName(in.nextString());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-}
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public final class MinecraftWiki {

    private static final Pattern SNAPSHOT_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[0-9]{2}w[0-9]{2}.+$");

-    public static String getWikiLink(Locales.SupportedLocale locale, GameRemoteVersion version) {
+    public static String getWikiLink(SupportedLocale locale, GameRemoteVersion version) {
        String wikiVersion = version.getSelfVersion();
        var gameVersion = GameVersionNumber.asGameVersion(wikiVersion);

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public final class MinecraftWiki {
                translatedVersion = WenyanUtils.translateGameVersion(gameVersion);

            if (translatedVersion.equals(gameVersion.toString()) || gameVersion instanceof GameVersionNumber.Old) {
-                return getWikiLink(Locales.ZH_HANT, version);
+                return getWikiLink(SupportedLocale.getLocale(LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANT), version);
            } else if (SNAPSHOT_PATTERN.matcher(wikiVersion).matches()) {
                return locale.i18n("wiki.version.game.snapshot", translatedVersion);
            } else {
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;
+
+import com.google.gson.annotations.JsonAdapter;
+import com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader;
+import com.google.gson.stream.JsonToken;
+import com.google.gson.stream.JsonWriter;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
+
+@JsonAdapter(SupportedLocale.TypeAdapter.class)
+public final class SupportedLocale {
+    public static final SupportedLocale DEFAULT = new SupportedLocale();
+
+    private static final ConcurrentMap<Locale, SupportedLocale> LOCALES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    public static List<SupportedLocale> getSupportedLocales() {
+        List<SupportedLocale> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        list.add(DEFAULT);
+
+        InputStream locales = SupportedLocale.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/languages.json");
+        if (locales != null) {
+            try (locales) {
+                list.addAll(JsonUtils.fromNonNullJsonFully(locales, JsonUtils.listTypeOf(SupportedLocale.class)));
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.warning("Failed to load languages.json", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return List.copyOf(list);
+    }
+
+    public static SupportedLocale getLocale(Locale locale) {
+        return LOCALES.computeIfAbsent(locale, SupportedLocale::new);
+    }
+
+    public static SupportedLocale getLocaleByName(String name) {
+        if (name == null || name.isBlank() || "def".equals(name) || "default".equals(name))
+            return DEFAULT;
+
+        return getLocale(Locale.forLanguageTag(name.trim().replace('_', '-')));
+    }
+
+    private final boolean isDefault;
+    private final String name;
+    private final Locale locale;
+    private ResourceBundle resourceBundle;
+    private ResourceBundle localeNamesBundle;
+    private DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter;
+    private List<Locale> candidateLocales;
+
+    SupportedLocale() {
+        this.isDefault = true;
+        this.name = "def"; // TODO: Change to "default" after updating the Config format
+
+        String language = System.getenv("HMCL_LANGUAGE");
+        this.locale = StringUtils.isBlank(language)
+                ? LocaleUtils.SYSTEM_DEFAULT
+                : Locale.forLanguageTag(language);
+    }
+
+    SupportedLocale(Locale locale) {
+        this.isDefault = false;
+        this.name = locale.toLanguageTag();
+        this.locale = locale;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDefault() {
+        return isDefault;
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    public Locale getLocale() {
+        return locale;
+    }
+
+    public String getDisplayName(SupportedLocale inLocale) {
+        if (isDefault()) {
+            try {
+                return inLocale.getResourceBundle().getString("lang.default");
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.warning("Failed to get localized name for default locale", e);
+                return "Default";
+            }
+        }
+
+        Locale currentLocale = this.getLocale();
+
+        String language = currentLocale.getLanguage();
+        String subLanguage;
+        {
+            String parentLanguage = LocaleUtils.getParentLanguage(language);
+            if (parentLanguage != null) {
+                subLanguage = language;
+                language = parentLanguage;
+            } else {
+                subLanguage = "";
+            }
+        }
+
+        ResourceBundle localeNames = inLocale.getLocaleNamesBundle();
+
+        String languageDisplayName = language;
+        try {
+            languageDisplayName = localeNames.getString(language);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warning("Failed to get localized name for language " + language, e);
+        }
+
+        // Currently, HMCL does not support any locales with regions or variants, so they are not handled for now
+        List<String> subTags = Stream.of(subLanguage, currentLocale.getScript())
+                .filter(it -> !it.isEmpty())
+                .map(it -> {
+                    try {
+                        return localeNames.getString(it);
+                    } catch (Throwable e) {
+                        LOG.warning("Failed to get localized name of " + it, e);
+                    }
+                    return it;
+                }).toList();
+
+        return subTags.isEmpty()
+                ? languageDisplayName
+                : languageDisplayName + " (" + String.join(", ", subTags) + ")";
+    }
+
+    public ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
+        ResourceBundle bundle = resourceBundle;
+        if (resourceBundle == null)
+            resourceBundle = bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("assets.lang.I18N", locale,
+                    DefaultResourceBundleControl.INSTANCE);
+
+        return bundle;
+    }
+
+    public ResourceBundle getLocaleNamesBundle() {
+        ResourceBundle bundle = localeNamesBundle;
+        if (localeNamesBundle == null)
+            localeNamesBundle = bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("assets.lang.LocaleNames", locale,
+                    DefaultResourceBundleControl.INSTANCE);
+
+        return bundle;
+    }
+
+    public List<Locale> getCandidateLocales() {
+        if (candidateLocales == null)
+            candidateLocales = List.copyOf(LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(locale));
+        return candidateLocales;
+    }
+
+    public String i18n(String key, Object... formatArgs) {
+        try {
+            return String.format(getResourceBundle().getString(key), formatArgs);
+        } catch (MissingResourceException e) {
+            LOG.error("Cannot find key " + key + " in resource bundle", e);
+        } catch (IllegalFormatException e) {
+            LOG.error("Illegal format string, key=" + key + ", args=" + Arrays.toString(formatArgs), e);
+        }
+
+        return key + Arrays.toString(formatArgs);
+    }
+
+    public String i18n(String key) {
+        try {
+            return getResourceBundle().getString(key);
+        } catch (MissingResourceException e) {
+            LOG.error("Cannot find key " + key + " in resource bundle", e);
+            return key;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String formatDateTime(TemporalAccessor time) {
+        DateTimeFormatter formatter = dateTimeFormatter;
+        if (formatter == null) {
+            if (LocaleUtils.isEnglish(locale) && "Qabs".equals(locale.getScript())) {
+                return UpsideDownUtils.formatDateTime(time);
+            }
+
+            if (locale.getLanguage().equals("lzh")) {
+                return WenyanUtils.formatDateTime(time);
+            }
+
+            formatter = dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(getResourceBundle().getString("datetime.format"))
+                    .withZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
+        }
+        return formatter.format(time);
+    }
+
+    public String getFcMatchPattern() {
+        String language = locale.getLanguage();
+        String region = locale.getCountry();
+
+        if (LocaleUtils.isEnglish(locale))
+            return "";
+
+        if (LocaleUtils.isChinese(locale)) {
+            String lang;
+            String charset;
+
+            String script = LocaleUtils.getScript(locale);
+            switch (script) {
+                case "Hans":
+                    lang = region.equals("SG") || region.equals("MY")
+                            ? "zh-" + region
+                            : "zh-CN";
+                    charset = "0x6e38,0x620f";
+                    break;
+                case "Hant":
+                    lang = region.equals("HK") || region.equals("MO")
+                            ? "zh-" + region
+                            : "zh-TW";
+                    charset = "0x904a,0x6232";
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    return "";
+            }
+
+            return ":lang=" + lang + ":charset=" + charset;
+        }
+
+        return region.isEmpty() ? language : language + "-" + region;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSameLanguage(SupportedLocale other) {
+        return LocaleUtils.getRootLanguage(this.getLocale())
+                .equals(LocaleUtils.getRootLanguage(other.getLocale()));
+    }
+
+    public static final class TypeAdapter extends com.google.gson.TypeAdapter<SupportedLocale> {
+        @Override
+        public void write(JsonWriter out, SupportedLocale value) throws IOException {
+            out.value(value.getName());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public SupportedLocale read(JsonReader in) throws IOException {
+            if (in.peek() == JsonToken.NULL)
+                return DEFAULT;
+
+            String language = in.nextString();
+            return getLocaleByName(switch (language) {
+                // TODO: Remove these compatibility codes after updating the Config format
+                case "zh_CN" -> "zh-Hans"; // For compatibility
+                case "zh" -> "zh-Hant";    // For compatibility
+                default -> language;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
+
+/// @author Glavo
+public final class UpsideDownUtils {
+    private static final Map<Integer, Integer> MAPPER = loadMap();
+
+    private static Map<Integer, Integer> loadMap() {
+        var map = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, Integer>();
+
+        InputStream inputStream = UpsideDownUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/upside_down.txt");
+        if (inputStream != null) {
+            try (inputStream) {
+                new String(inputStream.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines().forEach(line -> {
+                    if (line.isBlank() || line.startsWith("#"))
+                        return;
+
+                    if (line.length() != 2) {
+                        LOG.warning("Invalid line: " + line);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    map.put((int) line.charAt(0), (int) line.charAt(1));
+                });
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.warning("Failed to load upside_down.txt", e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            LOG.warning("upside_down.txt not found");
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
+    }
+
+    public static String translate(String str) {
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(str.length());
+        str.codePoints().forEach(ch -> builder.appendCodePoint(MAPPER.getOrDefault(ch, ch)));
+        return builder.reverse().toString();
+    }
+
+    private static final DateTimeFormatter BASE_FORMATTER = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("MMM d, yyyy, h:mm:ss a")
+            .withZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
+
+    public static String formatDateTime(TemporalAccessor time) {
+        return translate(BASE_FORMATTER.format(time));
+    }
+
+    private UpsideDownUtils() {
+    }
+}
@@ -68,5 +68,15 @@
    "title" : "Java Animated PNG",
    "subtitle" : "Copyright (C) 2015 Andrew Ellerton.\nLicensed under the Apache 2.0 License.",
    "externalLink" : "https://github.com/aellerton/japng"
+  },
+  {
+    "title": "Terracotta",
+    "subtitle": "Copyright (C) 2025 Burning_TNT.\nAll rights reserved.",
+    "externalLink": "https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta"
+  },
+  {
+    "title": "EasyTier",
+    "subtitle": "Copyright 2024-present Easytier Programme within The Commons Conservancy",
+    "externalLink": "https://github.com/EasyTier/EasyTier"
  }
 ]
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ input.url=The input must be a valid URL.

 install=New Instance
 install.change_version=Change Version
-install.change_version.confirm=Are you sure you want to switch %s from version %s to %s?
+install.change_version.confirm=Are you sure you want to switch %1$s from version %2$s to %3$s?
 install.change_version.process=Change Version Process
 install.failed=Failed to install
 install.failed.downloading=Failed to download some required files.
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ install.failed.install_online=Failed to identify the provided file. If you are i
 install.failed.malformed=The downloaded files are corrupted. You can try resolving this problem by switching to another download source in "Settings → Download → Download Source".
 install.failed.optifine_conflict=Cannot install both OptiFine and Fabric on Minecraft 1.13 or later.
 install.failed.optifine_forge_1.17=For Minecraft 1.17.1, Forge is only compatible with OptiFine H1 pre2 or later. You can install them by checking "Snapshots" when choosing an OptiFine version in HMCL.
-install.failed.version_mismatch=This loader requires the game version %s, but the installed one is %s.
+install.failed.version_mismatch=This loader requires the game version %1$s, but the installed one is %2$s.
 install.installer.change_version=%s Incompatible
 install.installer.choose=Choose Your %s Version
 install.installer.cleanroom=Cleanroom
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ launch.advice.forge37_0_60=Forge versions prior to 37.0.60 are not compatible wi
 launch.advice.java8_1_13=Minecraft 1.13 and later can only be run on Java 8 or later. Please use Java 8 or later versions.
 launch.advice.java8_51_1_13=Minecraft 1.13 may crash on Java 8 versions prior to 1.8.0_51. Please install the latest Java 8 version.
 launch.advice.java9=You cannot launch Minecraft 1.12 or earlier with Java 9 or later. Please use Java 8 instead.
-launch.advice.modded_java=Some mods may not be compatible with newer Java versions. It is recommended to use Java %s to launch Minecraft %s.
+launch.advice.modded_java=Some mods may not be compatible with newer Java versions. It is recommended to use Java %1$s to launch Minecraft %2$s.
 launch.advice.modlauncher8=The Forge version you are using is not compatible with the current Java version. Please try updating Forge.
 launch.advice.newer_java=You are using an older Java version to launch the game. It is recommended to update to Java 8, otherwise some mods may cause the game to crash.
 launch.advice.not_enough_space=You have allocated a memory size larger than the actual %d MiB of memory installed on your computer. You may experience degraded performance or even be unable to launch the game.
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ modpack.installing=Installing modpack
 modpack.installing.given=Installing %s modpack
 modpack.introduction=Curse, Modrinth, MultiMC, and MCBBS modpacks are currently supported.
 modpack.invalid=Invalid modpack, you can try downloading it again.
-modpack.mismatched_type=Modpack type mismatched, the current instance is a(n) %s type, but the provided one is %s type.
+modpack.mismatched_type=Modpack type mismatched, the current instance is a(n) %1$s type, but the provided one is %2$s type.
 modpack.name=Modpack Name
 modpack.not_a_valid_name=Invalid modpack name.
 modpack.origin=Source
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ search.first_page=First
 search.previous_page=Previous
 search.next_page=Next
 search.last_page=Last
-search.page_n=%d / %s
+search.page_n=%1$d / %2$s

 selector.choose=Choose
 selector.choose_file=Choose file
@@ -1256,6 +1256,7 @@ settings.advanced.custom_commands.hint=The following environment variables are p
   \  · $INST_JAVA: java binary used for launch.\n\
   \  · $INST_FORGE: set if Forge is installed.\n\
   \  · $INST_NEOFORGE: set if NeoForge is installed.\n\
+   \  · $INST_CLEANROOM: set if Cleanroom is installed.\n\
   \  · $INST_LITELOADER: set if LiteLoader is installed.\n\
   \  · $INST_OPTIFINE: set if OptiFine is installed.\n\
   \  · $INST_FABRIC: set if Fabric is installed.\n\
@@ -1333,7 +1334,7 @@ settings.game.java_directory.bit=%s bit
 settings.game.java_directory.choose=Choose Java
 settings.game.java_directory.invalid=Incorrect Java path
 settings.game.java_directory.version=Specify Java Version
-settings.game.java_directory.template=%s (%s)
+settings.game.java_directory.template=%1$s (%2$s)
 settings.game.management=Manage
 settings.game.working_directory=Working Directory
 settings.game.working_directory.choose=Choose the working directory
@@ -1412,6 +1413,76 @@ sponsor.hmcl=Hello Minecraft! Launcher is a FOSS Minecraft launcher that allows
 system.architecture=Architecture
 system.operating_system=Operating System

+terracotta=Multiplayer
+terracotta.easytier=About EasyTier
+terracotta.terracotta=Terracotta | Multiplayer
+terracotta.status=Lobby
+terracotta.back=Exit
+terracotta.sudo_installing=HMCL must verify your password before installing Multiplayer Core
+terracotta.from_local.title=Third-party download channels for Multiplayer Core
+terracotta.from_local.desc=In some areas, the built-in default download channel may be unstable.
+terracotta.from_local.guide=Please download Multiplayer Core package named %s. Once downloaded, drag the file into the current page to install it.
+terracotta.from_local.file_name_mismatch=You should download the Multiplayer Core package named %1$s instead of %2$s
+terracotta.export_log=Exports the Multiplayer Core log
+terracotta.export_log.desc=Gathering more information for analysis
+terracotta.status.bootstrap=Gathering information
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.not_exist=Multiplayer Core: Not Downloaded
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.not_exist.title=Download Multiplayer Core (~ 8MiB)
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.update=Multiplayer Core: Update Available
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.update.title=Update Multiplayer Core (~ 8MiB)
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc=You legally promise to strictly abide by all laws and regulations of your country or region during the multiplayer process.
+terracotta.confirm.title=User Notice
+terracotta.confirm.desc=Terracotta is a third-party open source free software, which has little relationship with HMCL.\n\
+  Terracotta is based on P2P, so that the final experience depends greatly on your network condition.\n\
+  You promise to strictly abide by all laws and regulations in your country or region when playing online.
+terracotta.status.preparing=Multiplayer Core: Downloading (DO NOT exit HMCL)
+terracotta.status.launching=Multiplayer Core: Initializing
+terracotta.status.unknown=Multiplayer Core: Initializing
+terracotta.status.waiting=Multiplayer Core: Ready
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.title=I want to host a session
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.desc=Create a room and generate an invite code to play with friends
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.title=You seem to have forgotten to launch the game
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.desc=No running game found
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.skip=Game has launched
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.title=I want to join a session
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.desc=Enter the invite code from the host player to join the game world
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.title=Please enter the invite code from the host
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.invalid=Invalid invite code
+terracotta.status.scanning=Scanning LAN worlds
+terracotta.status.scanning.desc=Please <a href="hmcl://game/launch">start the game</a>, open a world, press ESC, select "Open to LAN", then select "Start LAN World".
+terracotta.status.scanning.back=This will also stop scanning LAN worlds.
+terracotta.status.host_starting=Room Creating
+terracotta.status.host_starting.back=This will stop creating the room.
+terracotta.status.host_ok=Room created
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code=Invitation code (Copied)
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code.copy=Copy invitation code
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code.desc=Please remind your friends to select Guest mode in HMCL - Multiplayer or PCL CE and enter this invitation code.
+terracotta.status.host_ok.back=This will also close the room, other guests will leave and cannot rejoin.
+terracotta.status.guest_starting=Joining room
+terracotta.status.guest_starting.back=This will not stop other guests from joining the room.
+terracotta.status.guest_ok=Room Joined
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.back=This will not stop other guests from joining the room.
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.title=Please launch the game, select Multiplayer, and double-click Terracotta Lobby.
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.desc=Backup address: %s
+terracotta.status.exception.back=Please try again
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_host_fail=Failed to join room: Room is closed or network unstable
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_host_rst=Room connection lost: Room is closed or network unstable
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.guest_et_crash=Failed to join room: EasyTier crashed, please report this issue to developers
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.host_et_crash=Failed to create room: EasyTier crashed, please report this issue to developers
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_server_rst=Room closed: You exited the game world, room closed automatically
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.scaffolding_invalid_response=Invalid Protocol：Host has sent invalid response, please report this issue to developers
+terracotta.status.fatal.retry=Retry
+terracotta.status.fatal.os=Sorry, HMCL cannot enable Terracotta | Multiplayer on your operating system or architecture. Please use a more modern operating system.
+terracotta.status.fatal.network=Failed to download Multiplayer Core. Please check your network connection and try again.
+terracotta.status.fatal.install=Fatal Error: Unable to install Multiplayer Core.
+terracotta.status.fatal.terracotta=Fatal Error: Unable to connect to Multiplayer Core.
+terracotta.status.fatal.unknown=Fatal Error: Unknown.
+terracotta.player_list=Player List
+terracotta.player_anonymous=Anonymous Player
+terracotta.player_kind.host=Host
+terracotta.player_kind.local=Yourself
+terracotta.player_kind.guest=Guest
+
 unofficial.hint=You are using an unofficial build of HMCL. We cannot guarantee its security.

 update=Update
@@ -1442,6 +1513,7 @@ update.note=Beta and Nightly channels may have more features or fixes, but they
 update.latest=This is the latest version
 update.no_browser=Cannot open in system browser. But we copied the link to your clipboard, and you can open it manually.
 update.tooltip=Update
+update.preview=Try out the HMCL version

 version=Games
 version.name=Instance Name
@@ -1479,7 +1551,7 @@ version.manage.manage=Edit Instance
 version.manage.manage.title=Edit Instance - %1s
 version.manage.redownload_assets_index=Update Game Assets
 version.manage.remove=Delete Instance
-version.manage.remove.confirm.trash=Are you sure you want to remove the instance "%s"? You can still find its files in your recycle bin by the name of "%s".
+version.manage.remove.confirm.trash=Are you sure you want to remove the instance "%1$s"? You can still find its files in your recycle bin by the name of "%2$s".
 version.manage.remove.confirm.independent=Since this instance is stored in an isolated directory, deleting it will also delete its saves and other data. Do you still want to delete the instance "%s"?
 version.manage.remove_assets=Delete All Assets
 version.manage.remove_libraries=Delete All Libraries
@@ -1493,7 +1565,7 @@ version.update=Update Modpack

 warning.java_interpreted_mode=HMCL is running in an interpreted Java environment, which will greatly affect performance.\n\
  \n\
-  We recommend using a Java with JIT support to launch HMCL for the best experience.
+  We recommend using a Java with JIT support to open HMCL for the best experience.
 warning.software_rendering=HMCL is currently using software rendering, which will greatly affect performance.

 wiki.tooltip=Minecraft Wiki Page
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ button.change_source=Cambiar fuente de descarga
 button.clear=Limpiar
 button.copy_and_exit=Copiar y salir
 button.delete=Borrar
+button.do_not_show_again=No volver a mostrar
 button.edit=Editar
 button.install=Instalar
 button.export=Exportar
@@ -391,6 +392,9 @@ fatal.config_loading_failure=No se pueden cargar los archivos de configuración.
  Para macOS, intente colocar HMCL en un lugar con permiso que no sea «Escritorio», «Descargas» y «Documentos» y vuelva a intentarlo.
 fatal.config_loading_failure.unix=No se pudo cargar el archivo de configuración porque fue creado por el usuario «%1$s».\n\
  Por favor, abra HMCL como usuario root (no recomendado), o ejecute el siguiente comando en el terminal para cambiar la propiedad del archivo de configuración al usuario actual:\n%2$s
+fatal.config_unsupported_version=El archivo de configuración actual fue creado por una versión más reciente del lanzador, y esta versión del lanzador no puede cargarlo correctamente.\n\
+  Por favor, actualice y reinicie el lanzador.\n\
+  Antes de actualizar el lanzador, cualquier configuración que modifiques no se guardará.
 fatal.mac_app_translocation=El sistema operativo aísla Hello Minecraft! Launcher en un directorio temporal debido a los mecanismos de seguridad de macOS.\n\
  Por favor, mueve HMCL a un directorio diferente antes de intentar abrirlo. De lo contrario, tus ajustes y datos de juego podrían perderse tras reiniciar.\n\
  ¿Todavía quieres continuar?
@@ -707,6 +711,7 @@ install.failed.optifine_forge_1.17=Para Minecraft 1.17.1, Forge sólo es compati
 install.failed.version_mismatch=Este cargador requiere la versión del juego %s, pero la instalada es %s.
 install.installer.change_version=%s Incompatible
 install.installer.choose=Elija su versión %s
+install.installer.cleanroom=Cleanroom
 install.installer.depend=Requiere %s
 install.installer.do_not_install=No instalar
 install.installer.fabric=Fabric
@@ -778,6 +783,7 @@ launch.advice=%s ¿Todavía quieres continuar?
 launch.advice.multi=Se han detectado los siguientes problemas:\n\n%s\n\nEstos problemas pueden impedir que inicies el juego o afectar a la experiencia de juego.\n\n¿Todavía quieres continuar?
 launch.advice.java.auto=La versión actual de Java no es compatible con la instancia.\n\nHaga clic en «Sí» para elegir automáticamente la versión de Java más compatible. O bien, puede navegar hasta «Config. Global/Específica de instancia → Java» para elegir uno usted mismo.
 launch.advice.java.modded_java_7=Minecraft 1.7.2 y versiones anteriores requieren Java 7 o anterior.
+launch.advice.cleanroom=Cleanroom solo se puede ejecutar en Java 21 o versiones posteriores. Por favor, actualice su versión de Java.
 launch.advice.corrected=Hemos resuelto el problema de Java. Si aún desea utilizar la versión de Java que elija, puede desactivar «No comprobar la compatibilidad con JVM» en «Config. Global/Específica de instancia → Configuración avanzada».
 launch.advice.uncorrected=Si aún desea utilizar la versión de Java que elija, puede desactivar «No comprobar la compatibilidad con JVM» en «Config. Global/Específica de instancia → Configuración avanzada».
 launch.advice.different_platform=Se recomienda la versión de 64 bits de Java para tu dispositivo, pero has instalado una de 32 bits.
@@ -1156,6 +1162,7 @@ world.info.player.food_level=Nivel de hambre
 world.info.player.game_type=Modo de juego
 world.info.player.game_type.adventure=Aventura
 world.info.player.game_type.creative=Creativo
+world.info.player.game_type.hardcore=Extremo
 world.info.player.game_type.spectator=Espectador
 world.info.player.game_type.survival=Supervivencia
 world.info.player.health=Salud
@@ -1255,6 +1262,7 @@ settings.advanced.custom_commands.hint=Se proporcionan las siguientes variables
  \  · $INST_JAVA: binario de java utilizado para la ejecución\n\
  \  · $INST_FORGE: disponible si Forge está instalado.\n\
  \  · $INST_NEOFORGE: disponible si NeoForge está instalado.\n\
+  \  · $INST_CLEANROOM: disponible si Cleanroom está instalado.\n\
  \  · $INST_LITELOADER: disponible si LiteLoader está instalado.\n\
  \  · $INST_OPTIFINE: disponible si OptiFine está instalado.\n\
  \  · $INST_FABRIC: disponible si Fabric está instalado.\n\
@@ -1288,6 +1296,7 @@ settings.advanced.natives_directory.hint=Esta opción está pensada sólo para u
  \n\
  Antes de proceder, por favor, asegúrese de que todas las bibliotecas (por ejemplo, lwjgl.dll, libopenal.so) se proporcionan en su directorio deseado.
 settings.advanced.no_jvm_args=No añadir argumentos JVM por defecto
+settings.advanced.no_optimizing_jvm_args=No añadir argumentos de optimización de JVM
 settings.advanced.precall_command=Comando pre-lanzamiento:
 settings.advanced.precall_command.prompt=El comando se ejecuta antes de que los juegos se lance
 settings.advanced.process_priority=Prioridad del proceso
@@ -1344,6 +1353,7 @@ settings.launcher=Configuración del launcher
 settings.launcher.appearance=Apariencia
 settings.launcher.common_path.tooltip=Esta aplicación pondrá todos los activos y dependencias del juego aquí. Si hay bibliotecas existentes en el directorio del juego, el launcher preferirá usarlas primero.
 settings.launcher.debug=Depuración
+settings.launcher.disable_auto_game_options=No cambiar el idioma del juego
 settings.launcher.download=Descargas
 settings.launcher.download.threads=Hilos
 settings.launcher.download.threads.auto=Determinar automáticamente
@@ -1483,6 +1493,12 @@ version.search.prompt=Introduzca el nombre de la versión para buscar.
 version.settings=Configuración
 version.update=Actualizar Modpack

+warning.java_interpreted_mode=El lanzador se ejecuta en un entorno Java interpretado, lo que afectará considerablemente al rendimiento.\n\
+  \n\
+  Recomendamos utilizar Java con soporte JIT para ejecutar el lanzador y obtener la mejor experiencia.
+
+warning.software_rendering=El lanzador utiliza actualmente renderización por software, lo que afectará considerablemente al rendimiento.
+
 wiki.tooltip=Página de Minecraft Wiki
 wiki.version.game=https://es.minecraft.wiki/w/Java_Edition_%s
 wiki.version.game.snapshot=https://es.minecraft.wiki/w/Java_Edition_%s
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ fatal.config_change_owner_root=你正在使用 root 帳戶開啟 Hello Minecraft
 fatal.config_in_temp_dir=你正在暫存目錄中開啟 Hello Minecraft! Launcher，你的設定和遊戲資料可能會遺失。建議將 HMCL 移動至其他位置再開啟。\n是否繼續開啟？
 fatal.config_loading_failure=Hello Minecraft! Launcher 無法載入設定檔案。\n請確保 HMCL 對「%s」目錄及該目錄下的檔案擁有讀寫權限。
 fatal.config_loading_failure.unix=Hello Minecraft! Launcher 無法載入設定檔案，因為設定檔案是由使用者「%1$s」建立的。\n請使用 root 帳戶開啟 HMCL (不推薦)，或在終端中執行以下指令將設定檔案的所有權變更為目前使用者：\n%2$s
-fatal.config_unsupported_version=當前設定檔案是由更高版本的 Hello Minecraft! Launcher 建立的，目前版本的 HMCL 無法正常載入。請更新並重新啟動 HMCL。\n在更新啟動器之前，你所做的所有設定更改都不會被保存。
+fatal.config_unsupported_version=目前設定檔案是由更高版本的 Hello Minecraft! Launcher 建立的，目前版本的 HMCL 無法正常載入。請更新並重新啟動 HMCL。\n在更新啟動器之前，你所做的所有設定更改都不會被保存。
 fatal.mac_app_translocation=由於 macOS 的安全機制，Hello Minecraft! Launcher 被系統隔離至暫存目錄中。\n請將 HMCL 移動到其他目錄後再嘗試開啟，否則你的設定和遊戲資料可能會在重啟後遺失。\n是否繼續開啟？
 fatal.migration_requires_manual_reboot=Hello Minecraft! Launcher 即將升級完成，請重新開啟 HMCL。
 fatal.apply_update_failure=我們很抱歉 Hello Minecraft! Launcher 無法自動完成升級程式，因為出現了一些問題。\n但你依然可以從 %s 處手動下載 HMCL 來完成升級。
@@ -1049,6 +1049,7 @@ settings.advanced.custom_commands.hint=自訂指令被呼叫時將包含如下
  \  · $INST_JAVA: 遊戲執行使用的 Java 路徑；\n\
  \  · $INST_FORGE: 若安裝了 Forge，將會存在本環境變數；\n\
  \  · $INST_NEOFORGE: 若安裝了 NeoForge，將會存在本環境變數；\n\
+  \  · $INST_CLEANROOM: 若安裝了 Cleanroom，將會存在本環境變數；\n\
  \  · $INST_LITELOADER: 若安裝了 LiteLoader，將會存在本環境變數；\n\
  \  · $INST_OPTIFINE: 若安裝了 OptiFine，將會存在本環境變數；\n\
  \  · $INST_FABRIC: 若安裝了 Fabric，將會存在本環境變數；\n\
@@ -1080,7 +1081,7 @@ settings.advanced.natives_directory.default=預設 (由啟動器提供遊戲本
 settings.advanced.natives_directory.default.version_id=<實例名稱>
 settings.advanced.natives_directory.hint=本選項提供給 Apple Silicon 等未受遊戲官方支援的平台來自訂遊戲本機庫。如果你不知道本選項的含義，請你不要修改本選項，否則會導致遊戲無法啟動。\n\n如果你要修改本選項，你需要保證自訂目錄下有遊戲所需的本機庫檔案，如 lwjgl.dll (liblwjgl.so), openal.dll (libopenal.so) 等檔案。啟動器不會幫你補全缺少的本機庫檔案。\n\n注意：建議指定的本機庫檔案路徑使用全英文字元，否則可能導致遊戲啟動失敗。
 settings.advanced.no_jvm_args=不新增預設的 Java 虛擬機參數
-settings.advanced.no_optimizing_jvm_args=不自動添加 Java 虛擬機優化參數
+settings.advanced.no_optimizing_jvm_args=不自動新增 Java 虛擬機最佳化參數
 settings.advanced.precall_command=遊戲啟動前執行指令
 settings.advanced.precall_command.prompt=將在遊戲啟動前呼叫使用
 settings.advanced.process_priority=處理程式優先度
@@ -1200,6 +1201,76 @@ sponsor.hmcl=Hello Minecraft! Launcher 是一個免費、自由、開源的 Mine
 system.architecture=架構
 system.operating_system=作業系統

+terracotta=多人遊戲
+terracotta.easytier=關於 EasyTier
+terracotta.terracotta=Terracotta | 陶瓦聯機
+terracotta.status=聯機大廳
+terracotta.back=退出
+terracotta.sudo_installing=HMCL 需要驗證您的密碼才能安裝線上核心
+terracotta.from_local.title=線上核心第三方下載管道
+terracotta.from_local.desc=在部分地區，內建的預設下載管道可能不穩定或連線緩慢
+terracotta.from_local.guide=您應下載名為 %s 的線上核心套件。下載完成後，請將檔案拖曳到目前介面來安裝。
+terracotta.from_local.file_name_mismatch=您應該下載名為 %1$s 的線上核心包，而非 %2$s
+terracotta.export_log=匯出線上核心日誌
+terracotta.export_log.desc=為分析錯誤提供更多信息
+terracotta.status.bootstrap=正在收集資訊
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.not_exist=未下載聯機核心
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.not_exist.title=下載聯機核心（約 8MiB）
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.update=需更新聯機核心
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.update.title=更新聯機核心（約 8MiB）
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc=您承諾，在多人聯機全過程中，您將嚴格遵守您所在國家或地區的全部法律法規
+terracotta.confirm.title=使用者須知
+terracotta.confirm.desc=陶瓦聯機是第三方開源自由軟體，與 HMCL 無強關聯性。\n\
+  多人連線基於 p2p，最終線上體驗和您的網路情況有較大關係。\n\
+  您承諾，在多人連線全過程中，您將嚴格遵守您所在國家或地區的全部法律法規。
+terracotta.status.preparing=正在下載聯機核心（請勿退出啟動器）
+terracotta.status.launching=正在初始化聯機核心
+terracotta.status.unknown=正在初始化聯機核心
+terracotta.status.waiting=聯機核心已就緒
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.title=我想當房主
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.desc=建立房間並產生邀請碼，與好友一起暢玩
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.title=您似乎忘記啟動遊戲了
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.desc=未能找到正在執行的遊戲
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.skip=遊戲已啟動
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.title=我想當房客
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.desc=輸入房主提供的邀請碼加入遊戲世界
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.title=請輸入房主提供的邀請碼
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.invalid=邀請碼錯誤
+terracotta.status.scanning=正在掃描區域網路世界
+terracotta.status.scanning.desc=請<a href="hmcl://game/launch">啟動遊戲</a>，進入單人存檔，按 ESC 鍵，選擇「在區網上公開」，點擊「開始區網世界」。
+terracotta.status.scanning.back=這將同時停止掃描區域網路世界。
+terracotta.status.host_starting=正在建立房間
+terracotta.status.host_starting.back=這將會取消建立房間。
+terracotta.status.host_ok=已建立房間
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code=邀請碼（已自動複製到剪貼簿）
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code.copy=複製邀請碼
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code.desc=請提醒您的朋友在 HMCL 或 PCL CE 多人遊戲功能中選擇房客模式，並輸入該邀請碼。
+terracotta.status.host_ok.back=這將同時徹底關閉房間，其他房客將退出並不再能重新加入該房間。
+terracotta.status.guest_starting=正在加入房間
+terracotta.status.guest_starting.back=這不會影響其他房客加入目前房間。
+terracotta.status.guest_ok=已加入房間
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.back=這不會影響其他房客加入目前房間。
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.title=請啟動遊戲，選擇多人遊戲，雙擊進入陶瓦聯機大廳。
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.desc=備用連線位址：%s
+terracotta.status.exception.back=可再試一次
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_host_fail=加入房間失敗：房間已關閉或網路不穩定
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_host_rst=房間連線中斷：房間已關閉或網路不穩定
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.guest_et_crash=加入房間失敗：EasyTier 已崩潰，請向開發者回報該問題
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.host_et_crash=建立房間失敗：EasyTier 已崩潰，請向開發者回報問題
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_server_rst=房間已關閉：您已退出遊戲存檔，房間已自動關閉
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.scaffolding_invalid_response=協議錯誤：房主發送了錯誤的回應資料，請向開發者回報該問題
+terracotta.status.fatal.retry=重試
+terracotta.status.fatal.os=抱歉，HMCL 不能在您的作業系統或架構上啟用多人連線。請使用更主流的作業系統
+terracotta.status.fatal.network=未能下載線上核心。請檢查網路連接，然後再試一次
+terracotta.status.fatal.install=嚴重錯誤：無法安裝線上核心
+terracotta.status.fatal.terracotta=嚴重錯誤：無法與線上核心通訊
+terracotta.status.fatal.unknown=嚴重錯誤：原因未知
+terracotta.player_list=玩家列表
+terracotta.player_anonymous=匿名玩家
+terracotta.player_kind.host=房主
+terracotta.player_kind.local=你
+terracotta.player_kind.guest=房客
+
 unofficial.hint=你正在使用第三方提供的 HMCL。我們無法保證其安全性，請注意甄別。

 update=啟動器更新
@@ -1226,6 +1297,7 @@ update.note=開發版與預覽版包含更多的功能以及錯誤修復，但
 update.latest=目前版本為最新版本
 update.no_browser=無法開啟瀏覽器。網址已經複製到剪貼簿了，你可以手動複製網址開啟頁面。
 update.tooltip=更新
+update.preview=提前預覽 HMCL 版本

 version=遊戲
 version.name=遊戲實例名稱
@@ -1275,8 +1347,8 @@ version.search.prompt=輸入版本名稱進行搜尋
 version.settings=遊戲設定
 version.update=更新模組包

-warning.java_interpreted_mode=HMCL 正在執行於直譯器模式的 Java 環境中，效能將會受到很大影響。\n我們建議你使用支援 JIT 的 Java 啟動 HMCL 以獲得最佳體驗。
-warning.software_rendering=HMCL 正在使用軟體渲染，效能將會受到很大影響。
+warning.java_interpreted_mode=HMCL 正在執行於直譯器模式的 Java 環境中，效能將會受到很大影響。\n我們建議你使用支援 JIT 的 Java 開啟 HMCL 以獲得最佳體驗。
+warning.software_rendering=HMCL 正在使用軟體繪製，效能將會受到很大影響。

 wiki.tooltip=Minecraft Wiki 頁面
 wiki.version.game=https://zh.minecraft.wiki/w/Java版%s
@@ -1211,6 +1211,76 @@ sponsor.hmcl=Hello Minecraft! Launcher 是一个免费、自由、开放源代
 system.architecture=架构
 system.operating_system=操作系统

+terracotta=多人联机
+terracotta.easytier=关于 EasyTier
+terracotta.terracotta=Terracotta | 陶瓦联机
+terracotta.status=联机大厅
+terracotta.back=退出
+terracotta.sudo_installing=HMCL 需要验证您的密码才能安装联机核心
+terracotta.from_local.title=联机核心第三方下载渠道
+terracotta.from_local.desc=在部分地区，HMCL 内置的默认下载渠道可能不稳定或连接缓慢
+terracotta.from_local.guide=您应当下载名为 %s 的联机核心包。下载完成后，请将文件拖入当前界面来安装。
+terracotta.from_local.file_name_mismatch=您应当下载名为 %1$s 的联机核心包，而非 %2$s
+terracotta.export_log=导出联机核心日志
+terracotta.export_log.desc=为分析错误提供更多信息
+terracotta.status.bootstrap=正在收集信息
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.not_exist=未下载联机核心
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.not_exist.title=下载联机核心（约 8MiB）
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.update=需更新联机核心
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.update.title=更新联机核心（约 8MiB）
+terracotta.status.uninitialized.desc=您承诺，在多人联机全过程中，您将严格遵守您所在国家或地区的全部法律法规
+terracotta.confirm.title=用户须知
+terracotta.confirm.desc=陶瓦联机是第三方开源自由软件，与 HMCL 无强关联性。\n\
+  多人联机基于 p2p，最终联机体验和您的网络情况有较大关系。\n\
+  在多人联机全过程中，您将严格遵守您所在国家或地区的全部法律法规。
+terracotta.status.preparing=正在下载联机核心（请勿退出启动器）
+terracotta.status.launching=正在初始化联机核心
+terracotta.status.unknown=正在初始化联机核心
+terracotta.status.waiting=联机核心已就绪
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.title=我想当房主
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.desc=创建房间并生成邀请码，与好友一起畅玩
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.title=您似乎忘记启动游戏了
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.desc=未能找到正在运行的游戏
+terracotta.status.waiting.host.launch.skip=游戏已启动
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.title=我想当房客
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.desc=输入房主提供的邀请码加入游戏世界
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.title=请输入房主提供的邀请码
+terracotta.status.waiting.guest.prompt.invalid=邀请码错误
+terracotta.status.scanning=正在扫描局域网世界
+terracotta.status.scanning.desc=请<a href="hmcl://game/launch">启动游戏</a>，进入单人存档，按下 ESC 键，选择对局域网开放，点击创建局域网世界。
+terracotta.status.scanning.back=这将同时停止扫描局域网世界。
+terracotta.status.host_starting=正在启动房间
+terracotta.status.host_starting.back=这将会取消创建房间。
+terracotta.status.host_ok=已启动房间
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code=邀请码（已自动复制到剪贴板）
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code.copy=复制邀请码
+terracotta.status.host_ok.code.desc=请提醒您的朋友在 HMCL 或 PCL CE 多人联机功能中选择房客模式，并输入该邀请码。
+terracotta.status.host_ok.back=这将同时彻底关闭房间，其他房客将退出并不再能重新加入该房间。
+terracotta.status.guest_starting=正在加入房间
+terracotta.status.guest_starting.back=这不会影响其他房客加入当前房间。
+terracotta.status.guest_ok=已加入房间
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.back=这不会影响其他房客加入当前房间。
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.title=请启动游戏，选择多人游戏，双击进入陶瓦联机大厅。
+terracotta.status.guest_ok.desc=备用联机地址：%s
+terracotta.status.exception.back=可再试一次
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_host_fail=加入房间失败：房间已关闭或网络不稳定
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_host_rst=房间连接断开：房间已关闭或网络不稳定
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.guest_et_crash=加入房间失败：EasyTier 已崩溃，请向开发者反馈该问题
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.host_et_crash=创建房间失败：EasyTier 已崩溃，请向开发者反馈该问题
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.ping_server_rst=房间已关闭：您已退出游戏存档，房间已自动关闭
+terracotta.status.exception.desc.scaffolding_invalid_response=协议错误：房主发送了错误的响应数据，请向开发者反馈该问题
+terracotta.status.fatal.retry=重试
+terracotta.status.fatal.os=抱歉，HMCL 不能在您的操作系统或架构上启用多人联机。请使用更主流的操作系统
+terracotta.status.fatal.network=未能下载联机核心。请检查网络连接，然后再试一次
+terracotta.status.fatal.install=严重错误：无法安装联机核心
+terracotta.status.fatal.terracotta=严重错误：无法与联机核心通讯
+terracotta.status.fatal.unknown=严重错误：原因未知
+terracotta.player_list=玩家列表
+terracotta.player_anonymous=匿名玩家
+terracotta.player_kind.host=房主
+terracotta.player_kind.local=你
+terracotta.player_kind.guest=房客
+
 unofficial.hint=你正在使用非官方构建的 HMCL。我们无法保证其安全性，请注意甄别。

 update=启动器更新
@@ -1237,6 +1307,7 @@ update.note=开发版与预览版包含更多的功能以及错误修复，但
 update.latest=当前版本为最新版本
 update.no_browser=无法打开浏览器。网址已经复制到剪贴板，你可以手动粘贴网址打开页面。
 update.tooltip=更新
+update.preview=提前预览 HMCL 版本

 version=游戏
 version.name=游戏实例名称
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+{
+  "version_legacy": "0\\.3\\.[89]-rc.[0-9]",
+  "version_recent": [
+    "0.3.9-rc.9"
+  ],
+  "version_latest": "0.3.9-rc.10",
+  "classifiers": {
+    "linux-arm64": "sha256:d5d386e9936d99dd8c31cdab2098a9db04bf55263faf5cd27d388139a42dee0b",
+    "linux-x86_64": "sha256:c43f111460c777315f12081d934729c08cc67b1a2048fdf3ae451e2682157dd8",
+    "macos-arm64": "sha256:49cbf5880aa94551951abda0e225bbbd9c43b9078ead8a738f5b995085d6022c",
+    "macos-arm64.pkg": "sha256:756831f50d67ed2382f8507dfcc94fcc32d6082e087cd4f6a2fc40ae39f25cdf",
+    "macos-x86_64": "sha256:fdf519f018ce4b3d5b4be06b86dcf9990e94b4010db9dac391175d917214cc01",
+    "macos-x86_64.pkg": "sha256:fc030f0205aa3667033c79ac514045bb7c94ae0175dc5946ea920eefee7ad997",
+    "windows-arm64.exe": "sha256:4b395093b0acaea85a36ce1e569c206d9dfa7e11bfe70409f00bc6c6100df88e",
+    "windows-x86_64.exe": "sha256:2b8add8f6330452d29faaa944ac63c35452e61c5a4ff009069d2c3017c7186c6"
+  },
+  "downloads": [
+    "https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/download/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}",
+    "https://gitee.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/download/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}",
+    "https://alist.8mi.tech/d/mirror/HMCL-Terracotta/Auto/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}",
+    "https://ghfast.top/https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/download/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}",
+    "https://cdn.crashmc.com/https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/download/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}",
+    "https://cp.zkitefly.eu.org/https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/download/v${version}/terracotta-${version}-${classifier}"
+  ],
+  "links": [
+    {
+      "desc": {
+        "default": "GitHub Release",
+        "zh": "GitHub 发布页",
+        "zh-Hant": "GitHub 發布頁"
+      },
+      "link": "https://github.com/burningtnt/Terracotta/releases/tag/v${version}"
+    },
+    {
+      "desc": {
+        "default": "Tencent QQ Group",
+        "zh": "QQ 群",
+        "zh-Hant": "QQ 群"
+      },
+      "link": "https://qm.qq.com/cgi-bin/qm/qr?k=nIf5u5xQ3LXEP4ZEmLQtfjtpppjgHfI5&jump_from=webapi&authKey=sXStlPuGzhD1JyAhyExd2OwjzZkRf3x7bAEb/j1xNX1wrQcDdg71qPrhumIm6pyf"
+    }
+  ]
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#
+# Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+# Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+
+boot.unsupported_java_version=HMCL requiere Java 17 o posterior para ejecutarse, pero sigue admitiendo el inicio de juegos con Java 6~16.\nPor favor, instala la última versión de Java e intenta ejecutar HMCL de nuevo.\nPuedes conservar tu versión antigua de Java. HMCL puede detectar y gestionar múltiples instalaciones de Java,\ny seleccionará automáticamente la versión de Java adecuada para tu juego.
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ public class OAuth {
        }
    }

-    private static class DeviceTokenResponse extends ErrorResponse {
+    private final static class DeviceTokenResponse extends ErrorResponse {
        @SerializedName("user_code")
        public String userCode;

@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ public class OAuth {
        public int interval;
    }

-    private static class TokenResponse extends ErrorResponse {
+    private final static class TokenResponse extends ErrorResponse {
        @SerializedName("token_type")
        public String tokenType;

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ public class OAuth {
     * redirect URI used to obtain the authorization
     * code.","correlation_id":"??????"}
     */
-    public static class AuthorizationResponse extends ErrorResponse {
+    public final static class AuthorizationResponse extends ErrorResponse {
        @SerializedName("token_type")
        public String tokenType;

@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ public class OAuth {
        public String foci;
    }

-    private static class RefreshResponse extends ErrorResponse {
+    private final static class RefreshResponse extends ErrorResponse {
        @SerializedName("expires_in")
        int expiresIn;

@@ -321,16 +321,16 @@ public class MicrosoftService {
        public static final long ADD_FAMILY = 2148916238L;
    }

-    public static class XBox400Exception extends AuthenticationException {
+    public final static class XBox400Exception extends AuthenticationException {
    }

-    public static class NoMinecraftJavaEditionProfileException extends AuthenticationException {
+    public final static class NoMinecraftJavaEditionProfileException extends AuthenticationException {
    }

-    public static class NoXuiException extends AuthenticationException {
+    public final static class NoXuiException extends AuthenticationException {
    }

-    private static class XBoxLiveAuthenticationResponseDisplayClaims {
+    private final static class XBoxLiveAuthenticationResponseDisplayClaims {
        List<Map<Object, Object>> xui;
    }

@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ public class MicrosoftService {
     * XErr Candidates: 2148916233 = missing XBox account 2148916238 = child account
     * not linked to a family
     */
-    private static class XBoxLiveAuthenticationResponse extends MicrosoftErrorResponse {
+    private final static class XBoxLiveAuthenticationResponse extends MicrosoftErrorResponse {
        @SerializedName("IssueInstant")
        String issueInstant;

@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ public class MicrosoftService {
        XBoxLiveAuthenticationResponseDisplayClaims displayClaims;
    }

-    private static class MinecraftLoginWithXBoxResponse {
+    private final static class MinecraftLoginWithXBoxResponse {
        @SerializedName("username")
        String username;

@@ -387,14 +387,14 @@ public class MicrosoftService {
        int expiresIn;
    }

-    private static class MinecraftStoreResponseItem {
+    private final static class MinecraftStoreResponseItem {
        @SerializedName("name")
        String name;
        @SerializedName("signature")
        String signature;
    }

-    private static class MinecraftStoreResponse extends MinecraftErrorResponse {
+    private final static class MinecraftStoreResponse extends MinecraftErrorResponse {
        @SerializedName("items")
        List<MinecraftStoreResponseItem> items;

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ public class MicrosoftService {
        String keyId;
    }

-    public static class MinecraftProfileResponseSkin implements Validation {
+    public final static class MinecraftProfileResponseSkin implements Validation {
        public String id;
        public String state;
        public String url;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.*;
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ public class Skin {
        }

        @Override
-        protected Context getContext(URLConnection connection, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
+        protected Context getContext(HttpResponse<?> response, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
            return new Context() {
                final ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ public class Skin {
                    setResult(new ByteArrayInputStream(baos.toByteArray()));

                    if (checkETag) {
-                        repository.cacheBytes(connection, baos.toByteArray());
+                        repository.cacheBytes(response, baos.toByteArray());
                    }
                }
            };
@@ -246,11 +246,11 @@ public class YggdrasilService {
        }
    }

-    private static class TextureResponse {
+    private final static class TextureResponse {
        public Map<TextureType, Texture> textures;
    }

-    private static class AuthenticationResponse extends ErrorResponse {
+    private final static class AuthenticationResponse extends ErrorResponse {
        public String accessToken;
        public String clientToken;
        public GameProfile selectedProfile;
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.download;

+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Unmodifiable;
+
 import java.net.URI;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;

@@ -29,10 +30,10 @@ import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 */
 public class AdaptedDownloadProvider implements DownloadProvider {

-    private List<DownloadProvider> downloadProviderCandidates;
+    private @Unmodifiable List<DownloadProvider> downloadProviderCandidates;

    public void setDownloadProviderCandidates(List<DownloadProvider> downloadProviderCandidates) {
-        this.downloadProviderCandidates = new ArrayList<>(downloadProviderCandidates);
+        this.downloadProviderCandidates = List.copyOf(downloadProviderCandidates);
    }

    public DownloadProvider getPreferredDownloadProvider() {
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.download;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * @author Glavo
+ */
+public final class DownloadProviderWrapper implements DownloadProvider {
+
+    private DownloadProvider provider;
+
+    public DownloadProviderWrapper(DownloadProvider provider) {
+        this.provider = provider;
+    }
+
+    public DownloadProvider getProvider() {
+        return this.provider;
+    }
+
+    public void setProvider(DownloadProvider provider) {
+        this.provider = Objects.requireNonNull(provider);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<URI> getAssetObjectCandidates(String assetObjectLocation) {
+        return getProvider().getAssetObjectCandidates(assetObjectLocation);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getVersionListURL() {
+        return getProvider().getVersionListURL();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getAssetBaseURL() {
+        return getProvider().getAssetBaseURL();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String injectURL(String baseURL) {
+        return getProvider().injectURL(baseURL);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<URI> injectURLWithCandidates(String baseURL) {
+        return getProvider().injectURLWithCandidates(baseURL);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<URI> injectURLsWithCandidates(List<String> urls) {
+        return getProvider().injectURLsWithCandidates(urls);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public VersionList<?> getVersionListById(String id) {
+        return getProvider().getVersionListById(id);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getConcurrency() {
+        return getProvider().getConcurrency();
+    }
+}
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public final class CleanroomVersionList extends VersionList<CleanroomRemoteVersi
        });
    }

-    private static class ReleaseResult {
+    private final static class ReleaseResult {
        String name;
        String created_at;
    }
@@ -17,29 +17,32 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.event;

-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

-/**
- *
- * @author huangyuhui
- */
-public final class EventBus {
+/// @author huangyuhui
+public final class EventBus extends ClassValue<EventManager<?>> {

-    private final ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>, EventManager<?>> events = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    public static final EventBus EVENT_BUS = new EventBus();
+
+    private EventBus() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected EventManager<?> computeValue(@NotNull Class<?> type) {
+        return new EventManager<>();
+    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T extends Event> EventManager<T> channel(Class<T> clazz) {
-        return (EventManager<T>) events.computeIfAbsent(clazz, ignored -> new EventManager<>());
+        return (EventManager<T>) get(clazz);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Event.Result fireEvent(Event obj) {
        LOG.info(obj + " gets fired");

-        return channel((Class<Event>) obj.getClass()).fireEvent(obj);
+        return ((EventManager<Event>) get(obj.getClass())).fireEvent(obj);
    }
-
-    public static final EventBus EVENT_BUS = new EventBus();
 }
@@ -18,26 +18,28 @@
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.event;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.SimpleMultimap;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Contract;

 import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
 import java.util.EnumMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;

-/**
- *
- * @author huangyuhui
- */
+/// @author huangyuhui
 public final class EventManager<T extends Event> {

+    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final SimpleMultimap<EventPriority, Consumer<T>, CopyOnWriteArraySet<Consumer<T>>> handlers
            = new SimpleMultimap<>(() -> new EnumMap<>(EventPriority.class), CopyOnWriteArraySet::new);

+    @Contract("_ -> param1")
    public Consumer<T> registerWeak(Consumer<T> consumer) {
        register(new WeakListener(consumer));
        return consumer;
    }

+    @Contract("_, _ -> param1")
    public Consumer<T> registerWeak(Consumer<T> consumer, EventPriority priority) {
        register(new WeakListener(consumer), priority);
        return consumer;
@@ -47,9 +49,13 @@ public final class EventManager<T extends Event> {
        register(consumer, EventPriority.NORMAL);
    }

-    public synchronized void register(Consumer<T> consumer, EventPriority priority) {
-        if (!handlers.get(priority).contains(consumer))
-            handlers.put(priority, consumer);
+    public void register(Consumer<T> consumer, EventPriority priority) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            handlers.get(priority).add(consumer);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
    }

    public void register(Runnable runnable) {
@@ -60,23 +66,30 @@ public final class EventManager<T extends Event> {
        register(t -> runnable.run(), priority);
    }

-    public synchronized Event.Result fireEvent(T event) {
-        for (EventPriority priority : EventPriority.values()) {
-            for (Consumer<T> handler : handlers.get(priority))
-                handler.accept(event);
+    public Event.Result fireEvent(T event) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            for (EventPriority priority : EventPriority.values()) {
+                for (Consumer<T> handler : handlers.get(priority))
+                    handler.accept(event);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
        }

-        if (event.hasResult())
-            return event.getResult();
-        else
-            return Event.Result.DEFAULT;
+        return event.hasResult() ? event.getResult() : Event.Result.DEFAULT;
    }

-    public synchronized void unregister(Consumer<T> consumer) {
-        handlers.removeValue(consumer);
+    public void unregister(Consumer<T> consumer) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            handlers.removeValue(consumer);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
    }

-    private class WeakListener implements Consumer<T> {
+    private final class WeakListener implements Consumer<T> {
        private final WeakReference<Consumer<T>> ref;

        public WeakListener(Consumer<T> listener) {
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public final class World {
        if (isLocked()) {
            throw new WorldLockedException("The world " + getFile() + " has been locked");
        }
-        FileUtils.deleteDirectory(file);
+        FileUtils.forceDelete(file);
    }

    public CompoundTag readLevelDat() throws IOException {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.*;
@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ public final class CacheFileTask extends FetchTask<Path> {
    public CacheFileTask(@NotNull URI uri) {
        super(List.of(uri));
        setName(uri.toString());
+
+        if (!NetworkUtils.isHttpUri(uri))
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(uri.toString());
    }

    @Override
@@ -69,8 +72,9 @@ public final class CacheFileTask extends FetchTask<Path> {
    }

    @Override
-    protected Context getContext(URLConnection connection, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
+    protected Context getContext(HttpResponse<?> response, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
        assert checkETag;
+        assert response != null;

        Path temp = Files.createTempFile("hmcl-download-", null);
        OutputStream fileOutput = Files.newOutputStream(temp);
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ public final class CacheFileTask extends FetchTask<Path> {
                }

                try {
-                    setResult(repository.cacheRemoteFile(connection, temp));
+                    setResult(repository.cacheRemoteFile(response, temp));
                } finally {
                    try {
                        Files.deleteIfExists(temp);
@@ -19,31 +19,43 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.task;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.event.Event;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.event.EventBus;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.CacheRepository;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.DigestUtils;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.ToStringBuilder;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.event.EventManager;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.*;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.ContentEncoding;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.ResponseCodeException;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

 import java.io.*;
 import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
 import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpClient;
+import java.net.http.HttpRequest;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.*;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang.threadPool;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

 public abstract class FetchTask<T> extends Task<T> {
+    private static final HttpClient HTTP_CLIENT;
+
+    static {
+        boolean useHttp2 = !"false".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getProperty("hmcl.http2"));
+
+        HTTP_CLIENT = HttpClient.newBuilder()
+                .connectTimeout(Duration.ofMillis(NetworkUtils.TIME_OUT))
+                .version(useHttp2 ? HttpClient.Version.HTTP_2 : HttpClient.Version.HTTP_1_1)
+                .build();
+    }
+
    protected static final int DEFAULT_RETRY = 3;

    protected final List<URI> uris;
@@ -58,7 +70,7 @@ public abstract class FetchTask<T> extends Task<T> {
        if (this.uris.isEmpty())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("At least one URL is required");

-        setExecutor(download());
+        setExecutor(DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR);
    }

    public void setRetry(int retry) {
@@ -79,12 +91,14 @@ public abstract class FetchTask<T> extends Task<T> {

    protected abstract EnumCheckETag shouldCheckETag();

-    protected abstract Context getContext(URLConnection connection, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException;
+    private Context getContext() throws IOException {
+        return getContext(null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    protected abstract Context getContext(@Nullable HttpResponse<?> response, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException;

    @Override
    public void execute() throws Exception {
-        Exception exception = null;
-        URI failedURI = null;
        boolean checkETag;
        switch (shouldCheckETag()) {
            case CHECK_E_TAG:
@@ -97,174 +111,258 @@ public abstract class FetchTask<T> extends Task<T> {
                return;
        }

-        int repeat = 0;
-        download:
-        for (URI uri : uris) {
-            if (checkETag) {
-                // Handle cache
+        ArrayList<DownloadException> exceptions = null;
+
+        if (SEMAPHORE != null)
+            SEMAPHORE.acquire();
+        try {
+            for (URI uri : uris) {
                try {
-                    Path cache = repository.getCachedRemoteFile(uri, true);
-                    useCachedResult(cache);
-                    LOG.info("Using cached file for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
+                    if (NetworkUtils.isHttpUri(uri))
+                        downloadHttp(uri, checkETag);
+                    else
+                        downloadNotHttp(uri);
                    return;
-                } catch (IOException ignored) {
+                } catch (DownloadException e) {
+                    if (exceptions == null)
+                        exceptions = new ArrayList<>();
+                    exceptions.add(e);
                }
            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+            // Cancelled
+        } finally {
+            if (SEMAPHORE != null)
+                SEMAPHORE.release();
+        }

-            for (int retryTime = 0; retryTime < retry; retryTime++) {
-                if (isCancelled()) {
-                    break download;
+        if (exceptions != null) {
+            DownloadException last = exceptions.remove(exceptions.size() - 1);
+            for (DownloadException exception : exceptions) {
+                last.addSuppressed(exception);
+            }
+            throw last;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void download(Context context,
+                          InputStream inputStream,
+                          long contentLength,
+                          ContentEncoding contentEncoding) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try (var ignored = context;
+             var counter = new CounterInputStream(inputStream);
+             var input = contentEncoding.wrap(counter)) {
+            long lastDownloaded = 0L;
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[IOUtils.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
+            while (true) {
+                if (isCancelled()) break;
+
+                int len = input.read(buffer);
+                if (len == -1) break;
+
+                context.write(buffer, 0, len);
+
+                if (contentLength >= 0) {
+                    // Update progress information per second
+                    updateProgress(counter.downloaded, contentLength);
                }

-                List<URI> redirects = null;
-                String bmclapiHash = null;
-                try {
-                    beforeDownload(uri);
-                    updateProgress(0);
+                updateDownloadSpeed(counter.downloaded - lastDownloaded);
+                lastDownloaded = counter.downloaded;
+            }

-                    URLConnection conn = NetworkUtils.createConnection(uri);
+            if (isCancelled())
+                throw new InterruptedException();

-                    if (conn instanceof HttpURLConnection httpConnection) {
-                        httpConnection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");
+            updateDownloadSpeed(counter.downloaded - lastDownloaded);

-                        if (checkETag) repository.injectConnection(httpConnection);
-                        Map<String, List<String>> requestProperties = httpConnection.getRequestProperties();
+            if (contentLength >= 0 && counter.downloaded != contentLength)
+                throw new IOException("Unexpected file size: " + counter.downloaded + ", expected: " + contentLength);

-                        bmclapiHash = httpConnection.getHeaderField("x-bmclapi-hash");
-                        if (DigestUtils.isSha1Digest(bmclapiHash)) {
-                            Optional<Path> cache = repository.checkExistentFile(null, "SHA-1", bmclapiHash);
-                            if (cache.isPresent()) {
-                                useCachedResult(cache.get());
-                                LOG.info("Using cached file for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
-                                return;
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            bmclapiHash = null;
-                        }
+            context.withResult(true);
+        }
+    }

-                        while (true) {
-                            int code = httpConnection.getResponseCode();
-                            if (code >= 300 && code <= 308 && code != 306 && code != 304) {
-                                if (redirects == null) {
-                                    redirects = new ArrayList<>();
-                                } else if (redirects.size() >= 20) {
-                                    httpConnection.disconnect();
-                                    throw new IOException("Too much redirects");
-                                }
-
-                                String location = httpConnection.getHeaderField("Location");
-
-                                httpConnection.disconnect();
-                                if (StringUtils.isBlank(location))
-                                    throw new IOException("Redirected to an empty location");
-
-                                URI target = NetworkUtils.toURI(httpConnection.getURL())
-                                        .resolve(NetworkUtils.toURI(location));
-                                redirects.add(target);
-
-                                if (!NetworkUtils.isHttpUri(target))
-                                    throw new IOException("Redirected to not http URI: " + target);
-
-                                HttpURLConnection redirected = NetworkUtils.createHttpConnection(target);
-                                redirected.setUseCaches(checkETag);
-                                requestProperties
-                                        .forEach((key, values) ->
-                                                values.forEach(element ->
-                                                        redirected.addRequestProperty(key, element)));
-                                httpConnection = redirected;
-                            } else {
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        conn = httpConnection;
-                        int responseCode = ((HttpURLConnection) conn).getResponseCode();
-
-                        if (responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED) {
-                            // Handle cache
-                            try {
-                                Path cache = repository.getCachedRemoteFile(NetworkUtils.toURI(conn.getURL()), false);
-                                useCachedResult(cache);
-                                LOG.info("Using cached file for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
-                                return;
-                            } catch (CacheRepository.CacheExpiredException e) {
-                                LOG.info("Cache expired for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
-                            } catch (IOException e) {
-                                LOG.warning("Unable to use cached file, redownload " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri), e);
-                                repository.removeRemoteEntry(conn.getURL().toURI());
-                                // Now we must reconnect the server since 304 may result in empty content,
-                                // if we want to redownload the file, we must reconnect the server without etag settings.
-                                retryTime--;
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        } else if (responseCode / 100 == 4) {
-                            throw new FileNotFoundException(uri.toString());
-                        } else if (responseCode / 100 != 2) {
-                            throw new ResponseCodeException(uri, responseCode);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    long contentLength = conn.getContentLengthLong();
-                    var encoding = ContentEncoding.fromConnection(conn);
-                    try (var context = getContext(conn, checkETag, bmclapiHash);
-                         var counter = new CounterInputStream(conn.getInputStream());
-                         var input = encoding.wrap(counter)) {
-                        long lastDownloaded = 0L;
-                        byte[] buffer = new byte[IOUtils.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
-                        while (true) {
-                            if (isCancelled()) break;
-
-                            int len = input.read(buffer);
-                            if (len == -1) break;
-
-                            context.write(buffer, 0, len);
-
-                            if (contentLength >= 0) {
-                                // Update progress information per second
-                                updateProgress(counter.downloaded, contentLength);
-                            }
-
-                            updateDownloadSpeed(counter.downloaded - lastDownloaded);
-                            lastDownloaded = counter.downloaded;
-                        }
-
-                        if (isCancelled()) break download;
-
-                        updateDownloadSpeed(counter.downloaded - lastDownloaded);
-
-                        if (contentLength >= 0 && counter.downloaded != contentLength)
-                            throw new IOException("Unexpected file size: " + counter.downloaded + ", expected: " + contentLength);
-
-                        context.withResult(true);
-                    }
-
-                    return;
-                } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
-                    failedURI = uri;
-                    exception = ex;
-                    LOG.warning("Failed to download " + uri + ", not found" + (redirects == null ? "" : ", redirects: " + redirects), ex);
-
-                    break; // we will not try this URL again
-                } catch (IOException ex) {
-                    failedURI = uri;
-                    exception = ex;
-                    LOG.warning("Failed to download " + uri + ", repeat times: " + (++repeat) + (redirects == null ? "" : ", redirects: " + redirects), ex);
-                }
+    private void downloadHttp(URI uri, boolean checkETag) throws DownloadException, InterruptedException {
+        if (checkETag) {
+            // Handle cache
+            try {
+                Path cache = repository.getCachedRemoteFile(uri, true);
+                useCachedResult(cache);
+                LOG.info("Using cached file for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
+                return;
+            } catch (IOException ignored) {
            }
        }

-        if (exception != null)
-            throw new DownloadException(failedURI, exception);
+        ArrayList<IOException> exceptions = null;
+
+        for (int retryTime = 0; retryTime < retry; retryTime++) {
+            if (isCancelled()) {
+                throw new InterruptedException();
+            }
+
+            List<URI> redirects = null;
+            try {
+                beforeDownload(uri);
+                updateProgress(0);
+
+                HttpResponse<InputStream> response;
+                String bmclapiHash;
+
+                URI currentURI = uri;
+
+                LinkedHashMap<String, String> headers = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+                headers.put("accept-encoding", "gzip");
+                if (checkETag)
+                    headers.putAll(repository.injectConnection(uri));
+
+                do {
+                    HttpRequest.Builder requestBuilder = HttpRequest.newBuilder(currentURI);
+                    requestBuilder.timeout(Duration.ofMillis(NetworkUtils.TIME_OUT));
+                    headers.forEach(requestBuilder::header);
+                    response = HTTP_CLIENT.send(requestBuilder.build(), BODY_HANDLER);
+
+                    bmclapiHash = response.headers().firstValue("x-bmclapi-hash").orElse(null);
+                    if (DigestUtils.isSha1Digest(bmclapiHash)) {
+                        Optional<Path> cache = repository.checkExistentFile(null, "SHA-1", bmclapiHash);
+                        if (cache.isPresent()) {
+                            useCachedResult(cache.get());
+                            LOG.info("Using cached file for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    int code = response.statusCode();
+                    if (code >= 300 && code <= 308 && code != 306 && code != 304) {
+                        if (redirects == null) {
+                            redirects = new ArrayList<>();
+                        } else if (redirects.size() >= 20) {
+                            throw new IOException("Too much redirects");
+                        }
+
+                        String location = response.headers().firstValue("Location").orElse(null);
+                        if (StringUtils.isBlank(location))
+                            throw new IOException("Redirected to an empty location");
+
+                        URI target = currentURI.resolve(NetworkUtils.encodeLocation(location));
+                        redirects.add(target);
+
+                        if (!NetworkUtils.isHttpUri(target))
+                            throw new IOException("Redirected to not http URI: " + target);
+
+                        currentURI = target;
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } while (true);
+
+                int responseCode = response.statusCode();
+                if (responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED) {
+                    // Handle cache
+                    try {
+                        Path cache = repository.getCachedRemoteFile(currentURI, false);
+                        useCachedResult(cache);
+                        LOG.info("Using cached file for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
+                        return;
+                    } catch (CacheRepository.CacheExpiredException e) {
+                        LOG.info("Cache expired for " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri));
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        LOG.warning("Unable to use cached file, redownload " + NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri), e);
+                        repository.removeRemoteEntry(currentURI);
+                        // Now we must reconnect the server since 304 may result in empty content,
+                        // if we want to redownload the file, we must reconnect the server without etag settings.
+                        retryTime--;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                } else if (responseCode / 100 == 4) {
+                    throw new FileNotFoundException(uri.toString());
+                } else if (responseCode / 100 != 2) {
+                    throw new ResponseCodeException(uri, responseCode);
+                }
+
+                long contentLength = response.headers().firstValueAsLong("content-length").orElse(-1L);
+                var contentEncoding = ContentEncoding.fromResponse(response);
+
+                download(getContext(response, checkETag, bmclapiHash),
+                        response.body(),
+                        contentLength,
+                        contentEncoding);
+                return;
+            } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
+                LOG.warning("Failed to download " + uri + ", not found" + (redirects == null ? "" : ", redirects: " + redirects), ex);
+                throw toDownloadException(uri, ex, exceptions); // we will not try this URL again
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                if (exceptions == null)
+                    exceptions = new ArrayList<>();
+
+                exceptions.add(ex);
+
+                LOG.warning("Failed to download " + uri + ", repeat times: " + retryTime + (redirects == null ? "" : ", redirects: " + redirects), ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw toDownloadException(uri, null, exceptions);
+    }
+
+    private void downloadNotHttp(URI uri) throws DownloadException, InterruptedException {
+        ArrayList<IOException> exceptions = null;
+        for (int retryTime = 0; retryTime < retry; retryTime++) {
+            if (isCancelled()) {
+                throw new InterruptedException();
+            }
+
+            try {
+                beforeDownload(uri);
+                updateProgress(0);
+
+                URLConnection conn = NetworkUtils.createConnection(uri);
+                download(getContext(),
+                        conn.getInputStream(),
+                        conn.getContentLengthLong(),
+                        ContentEncoding.fromConnection(conn));
+                return;
+            } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
+                LOG.warning("Failed to download " + uri + ", not found", ex);
+
+                throw toDownloadException(uri, ex, exceptions); // we will not try this URL again
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                if (exceptions == null)
+                    exceptions = new ArrayList<>();
+
+                exceptions.add(ex);
+                LOG.warning("Failed to download " + uri + ", repeat times: " + retryTime, ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw toDownloadException(uri, null, exceptions);
+    }
+
+    private static DownloadException toDownloadException(URI uri, @Nullable IOException last, @Nullable ArrayList<IOException> exceptions) {
+        if (exceptions == null || exceptions.isEmpty()) {
+            return new DownloadException(uri, last != null
+                    ? last
+                    : new IOException("No exceptions"));
+        } else {
+            if (last == null)
+                last = exceptions.remove(exceptions.size() - 1);
+
+            for (IOException e : exceptions) {
+                last.addSuppressed(e);
+            }
+            return new DownloadException(uri, last);
+        }
    }

    private static final Timer timer = new Timer("DownloadSpeedRecorder", true);
    private static final AtomicLong downloadSpeed = new AtomicLong(0L);
-    public static final EventBus speedEvent = new EventBus();
+    public static final EventManager<SpeedEvent> SPEED_EVENT = EventBus.EVENT_BUS.channel(SpeedEvent.class);

    static {
        timer.schedule(new TimerTask() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
-                speedEvent.channel(SpeedEvent.class).fireEvent(new SpeedEvent(speedEvent, downloadSpeed.getAndSet(0)));
+                SPEED_EVENT.fireEvent(new SpeedEvent(SPEED_EVENT, downloadSpeed.getAndSet(0)));
            }
        }, 0, 1000);
    }
@@ -326,7 +424,7 @@ public abstract class FetchTask<T> extends Task<T> {

        public abstract void write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int len) throws IOException;

-        public final void withResult(boolean success) {
+        public void withResult(boolean success) {
            this.success = success;
        }

@@ -341,48 +439,74 @@ public abstract class FetchTask<T> extends Task<T> {
        CACHED
    }

+    private static final HttpResponse.BodyHandler<InputStream> BODY_HANDLER = responseInfo -> {
+        if (responseInfo.statusCode() / 100 == 2)
+            return HttpResponse.BodySubscribers.ofInputStream();
+        else
+            return HttpResponse.BodySubscribers.replacing(null);
+    };
+
    public static int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY = Math.min(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 4, 64);
    private static int downloadExecutorConcurrency = DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY;
-    private static volatile ThreadPoolExecutor DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR;

-    /**
-     * Get singleton instance of the thread pool for file downloading.
-     *
-     * @return Thread pool for FetchTask
-     */
-    protected static ExecutorService download() {
-        if (DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR == null) {
-            synchronized (Schedulers.class) {
-                if (DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR == null) {
-                    DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR = threadPool("Download", true, downloadExecutorConcurrency, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-                }
-            }
+    // For Java 21 or later, DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR dispatches tasks to virtual threads, and concurrency is controlled by SEMAPHORE.
+    // For versions earlier than Java 21, DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR is a ThreadPoolExecutor, SEMAPHORE is null, and concurrency is controlled by the thread pool size.
+
+    private static final ExecutorService DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR;
+    private static final @Nullable Semaphore SEMAPHORE;
+
+    static {
+        ExecutorService executorService = Schedulers.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor("Download");
+        if (executorService != null) {
+            DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR = executorService;
+            SEMAPHORE = new Semaphore(DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY);
+        } else {
+            DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR = threadPool("Download", true, downloadExecutorConcurrency, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            SEMAPHORE = null;
        }
-
-        return DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR;
    }

+    @FXThread
    public static void setDownloadExecutorConcurrency(int concurrency) {
        concurrency = Math.max(concurrency, 1);
-        synchronized (Schedulers.class) {
-            downloadExecutorConcurrency = concurrency;

-            ThreadPoolExecutor downloadExecutor = DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR;
-            if (downloadExecutor != null) {
-                if (downloadExecutor.getMaximumPoolSize() <= concurrency) {
-                    downloadExecutor.setMaximumPoolSize(concurrency);
-                    downloadExecutor.setCorePoolSize(concurrency);
-                } else {
-                    downloadExecutor.setCorePoolSize(concurrency);
-                    downloadExecutor.setMaximumPoolSize(concurrency);
+        int prevDownloadExecutorConcurrency = downloadExecutorConcurrency;
+        int change = concurrency - prevDownloadExecutorConcurrency;
+        if (change == 0)
+            return;
+
+        downloadExecutorConcurrency = concurrency;
+        if (SEMAPHORE != null) {
+            if (change > 0) {
+                SEMAPHORE.release(change);
+            } else {
+                int permits = -change;
+                if (!SEMAPHORE.tryAcquire(permits)) {
+                    Schedulers.io().execute(() -> {
+                        try {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < permits; i++) {
+                                SEMAPHORE.acquire();
+                            }
+                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                            throw new AssertionError("Unreachable", e);
+                        }
+                    });
                }
            }
+        } else {
+            var downloadExecutor = (ThreadPoolExecutor) DOWNLOAD_EXECUTOR;
+
+            if (downloadExecutor.getMaximumPoolSize() <= concurrency) {
+                downloadExecutor.setMaximumPoolSize(concurrency);
+                downloadExecutor.setCorePoolSize(concurrency);
+            } else {
+                downloadExecutor.setCorePoolSize(concurrency);
+                downloadExecutor.setMaximumPoolSize(concurrency);
+            }
        }
    }

    public static int getDownloadExecutorConcurrency() {
-        synchronized (Schedulers.class) {
-            return downloadExecutorConcurrency;
-        }
+        return downloadExecutorConcurrency;
    }
 }
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.nio.file.FileSystem;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ public class FileDownloadTask extends FetchTask<Void> {
    }

    @Override
-    protected Context getContext(URLConnection connection, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
+    protected Context getContext(HttpResponse<?> response, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) throws IOException {
        Path temp = Files.createTempFile(null, null);

        String algorithm;
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ public class FileDownloadTask extends FetchTask<Void> {
                }

                if (checkETag) {
-                    repository.cacheRemoteFile(connection, file);
+                    repository.cacheRemoteFile(response, file);
                }
            }
        };
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -59,9 +61,11 @@ public final class GetTask extends FetchTask<String> {
    }

    @Override
-    protected Context getContext(URLConnection connection, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) {
-        int length = connection.getContentLength();
-        final var baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(length <= 0 ? 8192 : length);
+    protected Context getContext(HttpResponse<?> response, boolean checkETag, String bmclapiHash) {
+        long length = -1;
+        if (response != null)
+            length = response.headers().firstValueAsLong("content-length").orElse(-1L);
+        final var baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(length <= 0 ? 8192 : (int) length);

        return new Context() {
            @Override
@@ -73,11 +77,15 @@ public final class GetTask extends FetchTask<String> {
            public void close() throws IOException {
                if (!isSuccess()) return;

-                String result = baos.toString(NetworkUtils.getCharsetFromContentType(connection.getContentType()));
+                Charset charset = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+                if (response != null)
+                    charset = NetworkUtils.getCharsetFromContentType(response.headers().firstValue("content-type").orElse(null));
+
+                String result = baos.toString(charset);
                setResult(result);

                if (checkETag) {
-                    repository.cacheText(connection, result);
+                    repository.cacheText(response, result);
                }
            }
        };
@@ -18,61 +18,103 @@
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.task;

 import javafx.application.Platform;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodType;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.function.Function;

-import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang.threadPool;
 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;

-/**
- *
- * @author huangyuhui
- */
+/// @author huangyuhui
 public final class Schedulers {

    private Schedulers() {
    }

-    private static volatile ExecutorService IO_EXECUTOR;
+    private static final @Nullable Function<String, ExecutorService> NEW_VIRTUAL_THREAD_PER_TASK_EXECUTOR;

-    /**
-     * Get singleton instance of the thread pool for I/O operations,
-     * usually for reading files from disk, or Internet connections.
-     *
-     * This thread pool has no more than 4 threads, and number of threads will get
-     * reduced if concurrency is less than thread number.
-     *
-     * @return Thread pool for I/O operations.
-     */
-    public static ExecutorService io() {
-        if (IO_EXECUTOR == null) {
-            synchronized (Schedulers.class) {
-                if (IO_EXECUTOR == null) {
-                    IO_EXECUTOR = threadPool("IO", true, 4, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-                }
+    static {
+        if (Runtime.version().feature() >= 21) {
+            try {
+                MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.publicLookup();
+
+                Class<?> vtBuilderCls = Class.forName("java.lang.Thread$Builder$OfVirtual");
+
+                MethodHandle ofVirtualHandle = lookup.findStatic(Thread.class, "ofVirtual", MethodType.methodType(vtBuilderCls));
+                MethodHandle setNameHandle = lookup.findVirtual(vtBuilderCls, "name", MethodType.methodType(vtBuilderCls, String.class, long.class));
+                MethodHandle toFactoryHandle = lookup.findVirtual(vtBuilderCls, "factory", MethodType.methodType(ThreadFactory.class));
+                MethodHandle newThreadPerTaskExecutorFactory = lookup.findStatic(Executors.class, "newThreadPerTaskExecutor", MethodType.methodType(ExecutorService.class, ThreadFactory.class));
+
+                NEW_VIRTUAL_THREAD_PER_TASK_EXECUTOR = name -> {
+                    try {
+                        Object virtualThreadBuilder = ofVirtualHandle.invoke();
+                        setNameHandle.invoke(virtualThreadBuilder, name, 1L);
+                        ThreadFactory threadFactory = (ThreadFactory) toFactoryHandle.invoke(virtualThreadBuilder);
+
+                        return (ExecutorService) newThreadPerTaskExecutorFactory.invokeExact(threadFactory);
+                    } catch (Throwable e) {
+                        throw new AssertionError("Unreachable", e);
+                    }
+                };
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                throw new AssertionError("Unreachable", e);
            }
+        } else {
+            NEW_VIRTUAL_THREAD_PER_TASK_EXECUTOR = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// @return Returns null if the Java version is below 21, otherwise always returns a non-null value.
+    public static ExecutorService newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor(String name) {
+        if (NEW_VIRTUAL_THREAD_PER_TASK_EXECUTOR == null) {
+            return null;
        }

-        return IO_EXECUTOR;
+        return NEW_VIRTUAL_THREAD_PER_TASK_EXECUTOR.apply(name);
+    }
+
+    /// This thread pool is suitable for network and local I/O operations.
+    ///
+    /// For Java 21 or later, all tasks will be dispatched to virtual threads.
+    ///
+    /// @return Thread pool for I/O operations.
+    public static ExecutorService io() {
+        return Holder.IO_EXECUTOR;
    }

    public static Executor javafx() {
        return Platform::runLater;
    }

+    /// Default thread pool, equivalent to [ForkJoinPool#commonPool()].
+    ///
+    /// It is recommended to perform computation tasks on this thread pool. For I/O operations, please use [#io()].
    public static Executor defaultScheduler() {
        return ForkJoinPool.commonPool();
    }

-    public static synchronized void shutdown() {
+    public static void shutdown() {
        LOG.info("Shutting down executor services.");

        // shutdownNow will interrupt all threads.
        // So when we want to close the app, no threads need to be waited for finish.
        // Sometimes it resolves the problem that the app does not exit.
+    }

-        if (IO_EXECUTOR != null)
-            IO_EXECUTOR.shutdownNow();
+    private static final class Holder {
+        private static final ExecutorService IO_EXECUTOR;
+
+        static {
+            //noinspection resource
+            ExecutorService vtExecutor = newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor("IO");
+            IO_EXECUTOR = vtExecutor != null
+                    ? vtExecutor
+                    : Executors.newCachedThreadPool(Lang.counterThreadFactory("IO", true));
+        }
    }

 }
@@ -23,12 +23,13 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.function.ExceptionalSupplier;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.gson.JsonUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.FileUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.NetworkUtils;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

 import java.io.*;
-import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
 import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpRequest;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.nio.channels.Channels;
 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
 import java.nio.channels.FileLock;
@@ -184,15 +185,35 @@ public class CacheRepository {
        }
    }

-    public void injectConnection(HttpURLConnection conn) {
-        conn.setUseCaches(true);
-
-        URI uri;
+    public @NotNull Map<String, String> injectConnection(URI uri) {
        try {
-            uri = NetworkUtils.dropQuery(NetworkUtils.toURI(conn.getURL()));
+            uri = NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            return Map.of();
+        }
+
+        ETagItem eTagItem;
+        lock.readLock().lock();
+        try {
+            eTagItem = index.get(uri);
+        } finally {
+            lock.readLock().unlock();
+        }
+        if (eTagItem == null) return Map.of();
+        if (eTagItem.eTag != null)
+            return Map.of("if-none-match", eTagItem.eTag);
+        // if (eTagItem.getRemoteLastModified() != null)
+        //     conn.setRequestProperty("If-Modified-Since", eTagItem.getRemoteLastModified());
+        return Map.of();
+    }
+
+    public void injectConnection(URI uri, HttpRequest.Builder requestBuilder) {
+        try {
+            uri = NetworkUtils.dropQuery(uri);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return;
        }
+
        ETagItem eTagItem;
        lock.readLock().lock();
        try {
@@ -202,25 +223,25 @@ public class CacheRepository {
        }
        if (eTagItem == null) return;
        if (eTagItem.eTag != null)
-            conn.setRequestProperty("If-None-Match", eTagItem.eTag);
+            requestBuilder.header("if-none-match", eTagItem.eTag);
        // if (eTagItem.getRemoteLastModified() != null)
        //     conn.setRequestProperty("If-Modified-Since", eTagItem.getRemoteLastModified());
    }

-    public Path cacheRemoteFile(URLConnection connection, Path downloaded) throws IOException {
-        return cacheData(connection, () -> {
+    public Path cacheRemoteFile(HttpResponse<?> response, Path downloaded) throws IOException {
+        return cacheData(response, () -> {
            String hash = DigestUtils.digestToString(SHA1, downloaded);
            Path cached = cacheFile(downloaded, SHA1, hash);
            return new CacheResult(hash, cached);
        });
    }

-    public Path cacheText(URLConnection connection, String text) throws IOException {
-        return cacheBytes(connection, text.getBytes(UTF_8));
+    public Path cacheText(HttpResponse<?> response, String text) throws IOException {
+        return cacheBytes(response, text.getBytes(UTF_8));
    }

-    public Path cacheBytes(URLConnection connection, byte[] bytes) throws IOException {
-        return cacheData(connection, () -> {
+    public Path cacheBytes(HttpResponse<?> response, byte[] bytes) throws IOException {
+        return cacheData(response, () -> {
            String hash = DigestUtils.digestToString(SHA1, bytes);
            Path cached = getFile(SHA1, hash);
            Files.createDirectories(cached.getParent());
@@ -231,20 +252,15 @@ public class CacheRepository {

    private static final Pattern MAX_AGE = Pattern.compile("(s-maxage|max-age)=(?<time>[0-9]+)");

-    private Path cacheData(URLConnection connection, ExceptionalSupplier<CacheResult, IOException> cacheSupplier) throws IOException {
-        String eTag = connection.getHeaderField("ETag");
+    private Path cacheData(HttpResponse<?> response, ExceptionalSupplier<CacheResult, IOException> cacheSupplier) throws IOException {
+        String eTag = response.headers().firstValue("etag").orElse(null);
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(eTag)) return null;
-        URI uri;
-        try {
-            uri = NetworkUtils.dropQuery(NetworkUtils.toURI(connection.getURL()));
-        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-            throw new IOException(e);
-        }
+        URI uri = NetworkUtils.dropQuery(response.uri());
        long expires = 0L;

        expires:
        try {
-            String cacheControl = connection.getHeaderField("Cache-Control");
+            String cacheControl = response.headers().firstValue("cache-control").orElse(null);
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(cacheControl)) {
                if (cacheControl.contains("no-store"))
                    return null;
@@ -257,7 +273,7 @@ public class CacheRepository {
                }
            }

-            String expiresHeader = connection.getHeaderField("Expires");
+            String expiresHeader = response.headers().firstValue("expires").orElse(null);
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(expiresHeader)) {
                expires = ZonedDateTime.parse(expiresHeader.trim(), DateTimeFormatter.RFC_1123_DATE_TIME)
                        .toInstant().toEpochMilli();
@@ -266,7 +282,7 @@ public class CacheRepository {
            LOG.warning("Failed to parse expires time", e);
        }

-        String lastModified = connection.getHeaderField("Last-Modified");
+        String lastModified = response.headers().firstValue("last-modified").orElse(null);

        CacheResult cacheResult = cacheSupplier.get();
        ETagItem eTagItem = new ETagItem(uri.toString(),
@@ -21,15 +21,14 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;

-/**
- * When {@link #accept(T)} is called, this class invokes the handler on another thread.
- * If {@link #accept(T)} is called more than one time before the handler starts processing,
- * the handler will only be invoked once, taking the latest argument as its input.
- *
- * @author yushijinhun
- */
+/// When [#accept(T)] is called, this class invokes the handler on another thread.
+/// If [#accept(T)] is called more than one time before the handler starts processing,
+/// the handler will only be invoked once, taking the latest argument as its input.
+///
+/// @author yushijinhun
 public final class InvocationDispatcher<T> implements Consumer<T> {

+    /// @param executor The executor must dispatch all tasks to a single thread.
    public static <T> InvocationDispatcher<T> runOn(Executor executor, Consumer<T> action) {
        return new InvocationDispatcher<>(executor, action);
    }
@@ -47,9 +46,10 @@ public final class InvocationDispatcher<T> implements Consumer<T> {
    public void accept(T t) {
        if (pendingArg.getAndSet(new Holder<>(t)) == null) {
            executor.execute(() -> {
-                synchronized (InvocationDispatcher.this) {
-                    action.accept(pendingArg.getAndSet(null).value);
-                }
+                // If the executor supports multiple underlying threads,
+                // we need to add synchronization, but for now we can omit it :)
+                // synchronized (InvocationDispatcher.this)
+                action.accept(pendingArg.getAndSet(null).value);
            });
        }
    }
@@ -236,14 +236,22 @@ public final class Lang {
    }

    public static ThreadPoolExecutor threadPool(String name, boolean daemon, int threads, long timeout, TimeUnit timeunit) {
+        ThreadPoolExecutor pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
+                threads, threads,
+                timeout, timeunit,
+                new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(),
+                counterThreadFactory(name, daemon));
+        pool.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
+        return pool;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadFactory counterThreadFactory(String name, boolean daemon) {
        AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(1);
-        ThreadPoolExecutor pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(threads, threads, timeout, timeunit, new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(), r -> {
+        return r -> {
            Thread t = new Thread(r, name + "-" + counter.getAndIncrement());
            t.setDaemon(daemon);
            return t;
-        });
-        pool.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
-        return pool;
+        };
    }

    public static int parseInt(Object string, int defaultValue) {
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;

-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.ResourceBundle;
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ import java.util.ResourceBundle;
 /// - For all Chinese locales, `zh-CN` is always added to the candidate list. If `zh-Hans` already exists in the candidate list,
 ///   `zh-CN` is inserted before `zh`; otherwise, it is inserted after `zh`.
 /// - For all Traditional Chinese locales, `zh-TW` is always added to the candidate list (before `zh`).
-/// - For all [supported][LocaleUtils#toISO1Language(String)] ISO 639-3 language code (such as `eng`, `zho`, `lzh`, etc.),
+/// - For all [supported][LocaleUtils#mapToISO2Language(String)] ISO 639-3 language code (such as `eng`, `zho`, `lzh`, etc.),
 ///  a candidate list with the language code replaced by the ISO 639-1 (Macro)language code is added to the end of the candidate list.
 ///
 /// @author Glavo
@@ -42,67 +41,15 @@ public class DefaultResourceBundleControl extends ResourceBundle.Control {
    public DefaultResourceBundleControl() {
    }

-    private static List<Locale> ensureEditable(List<Locale> list) {
-        return list instanceof ArrayList<?>
-                ? list
-                : new ArrayList<>(list);
+    @Override
+    public List<Locale> getCandidateLocales(String baseName, Locale locale) {
+        return LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(locale);
    }

    @Override
-    public List<Locale> getCandidateLocales(String baseName, Locale locale) {
-        if (locale.getLanguage().isEmpty())
-            return getCandidateLocales(baseName, Locale.ENGLISH);
-        else if (LocaleUtils.isChinese(locale)) {
-            String script = locale.getScript();
-
-            if (script.isEmpty()) {
-                script = LocaleUtils.getScript(locale);
-                if (!script.isEmpty())
-                    return getCandidateLocales(baseName, new Locale.Builder()
-                            .setLocale(locale)
-                            .setScript(script)
-                            .build());
-            }
-        }
-
-        String language = locale.getLanguage();
-
-        List<Locale> locales = super.getCandidateLocales(baseName, locale);
-
-        // Is ISO 639-3 language tag
-        if (language.length() == 3) {
-            String iso1 = LocaleUtils.toISO1Language(locale.getLanguage());
-
-            if (iso1.length() == 2) {
-                locales = ensureEditable(locales);
-                locales.removeIf(it -> !it.getLanguage().equals(language));
-
-                locales.addAll(getCandidateLocales(baseName, new Locale.Builder()
-                        .setLocale(locale)
-                        .setLanguage(iso1)
-                        .build()));
-            }
-        } else if (language.equals("zh")) {
-            if (locales.contains(LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANT) && !locales.contains(Locale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE)) {
-                locales = ensureEditable(locales);
-                int chineseIdx = locales.indexOf(Locale.CHINESE);
-                if (chineseIdx >= 0)
-                    locales.add(chineseIdx, Locale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE);
-            }
-
-            if (!locales.contains(Locale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE)) {
-                int chineseIdx = locales.indexOf(Locale.CHINESE);
-
-                if (chineseIdx >= 0) {
-                    locales = ensureEditable(locales);
-                    if (locales.contains(LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANS))
-                        locales.add(chineseIdx, Locale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE);
-                    else
-                        locales.add(chineseIdx + 1, Locale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return locales;
+    public Locale getFallbackLocale(String baseName, Locale locale) {
+        // By default, when only the base bundle is found, it will attempt to fall back to Locale.getDefault() for further lookup.
+        // Since we always use the base bundle as the English resource file, we want to suppress this behavior.
+        return null;
    }
 }
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;

+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Unmodifiable;
@@ -25,7 +27,16 @@ import org.jetbrains.annotations.Unmodifiable;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.util.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;

 import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
@@ -42,6 +53,61 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {

    public static final String DEFAULT_LANGUAGE_KEY = "default";

+    private static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent = new HashMap<>();
+    private static final Map<String, String> iso3To2 = new HashMap<>();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv")).lines())) {
+                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String[] languages = line.split(",");
+                if (languages.length < 2) {
+                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String parent = languages[0];
+                for (int i = 1; i < languages.length; i++) {
+                    subLanguageToParent.put(languages[i], parent);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warning("Failed to load sublanguages.csv", e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Line Format: (?<iso2>[a-z]{2}),(?<iso3>[a-z]{3})
+            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/iso_languages.csv")).lines())) {
+                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String[] parts = line.split(",", 3);
+                if (parts.length != 2) {
+                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in iso_languages.csv: " + line);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                iso3To2.put(parts[1], parts[0]);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warning("Failed to load iso_languages.csv", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Locale getInstance(String language, String script, String region,
+                                      String variant) {
+        Locale.Builder builder = new Locale.Builder();
+        if (!language.isEmpty()) builder.setLanguage(language);
+        if (!script.isEmpty()) builder.setScript(script);
+        if (!region.isEmpty()) builder.setRegion(region);
+        if (!variant.isEmpty()) builder.setVariant(variant);
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
    /// Convert a locale to the language key.
    ///
    /// The language key is in the format of BCP 47 language tag.
@@ -52,24 +118,38 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
                : locale.stripExtensions().toLanguageTag();
    }

-    public static boolean isISO1Language(String language) {
-        return language.length() == 2;
+    public static @NotNull String getRootLanguage(Locale locale) {
+        return getRootLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
    }

-    public static boolean isISO3Language(String language) {
-        return language.length() == 3;
-    }
-
-    public static @NotNull String getISO1Language(Locale locale) {
-        String language = locale.getLanguage();
+    /// - If `language` is a sublanguage of a [macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage),
+    /// return the macrolanguage;
+    /// - If `language` is an ISO 639 alpha-3 language code and there is a corresponding ISO 639 alpha-2 language code, return the ISO 639 alpha-2 code;
+    /// - If `language` is empty, return `en`;
+    /// - Otherwise, return the `language`.
+    public static @NotNull String getRootLanguage(String language) {
        if (language.isEmpty()) return "en";
-        return isISO3Language(language) ? toISO1Language(language) : language;
+        if (language.length() <= 2)
+            return language;
+
+        String iso2 = mapToISO2Language(language);
+        if (iso2 != null)
+            return iso2;
+
+        String parent = getParentLanguage(language);
+        return parent != null ? parent : language;
    }

    /// Get the script of the locale. If the script is empty and the language is Chinese,
    /// the script will be inferred based on the language, the region and the variant.
    public static @NotNull String getScript(Locale locale) {
        if (locale.getScript().isEmpty()) {
+            if (isEnglish(locale)) {
+                if ("UD".equals(locale.getCountry())) {
+                    return "Qabs";
+                }
+            }
+
            if (isChinese(locale)) {
                if (CHINESE_LATN_VARIANTS.contains(locale.getVariant()))
                    return "Latn";
@@ -83,10 +163,94 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
        return locale.getScript();
    }

+    private static final ConcurrentMap<Locale, List<Locale>> CANDIDATE_LOCALES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
    public static @NotNull List<Locale> getCandidateLocales(Locale locale) {
-        return DefaultResourceBundleControl.INSTANCE.getCandidateLocales("", locale);
+        return CANDIDATE_LOCALES.computeIfAbsent(locale, LocaleUtils::createCandidateLocaleList);
    }

+    // -------------
+
+    private static List<Locale> createCandidateLocaleList(Locale locale) {
+        String language = locale.getLanguage();
+        if (language.isEmpty())
+            return List.of(Locale.ENGLISH, Locale.ROOT);
+
+        String script = getScript(locale);
+        String region = locale.getCountry();
+        List<String> variants = locale.getVariant().isEmpty()
+                ? List.of()
+                : List.of(locale.getVariant().split("[_\\-]"));
+
+        ArrayList<Locale> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        do {
+            String currentLanguage;
+
+            if (language.length() <= 2) {
+                currentLanguage = language;
+            } else {
+                String iso2 = mapToISO2Language(language);
+                currentLanguage = iso2 != null
+                        ? iso2
+                        : language;
+            }
+
+            addCandidateLocales(result, currentLanguage, script, region, variants);
+        } while ((language = getParentLanguage(language)) != null);
+
+        result.add(Locale.ROOT);
+        return List.copyOf(result);
+    }
+
+    private static void addCandidateLocales(ArrayList<Locale> list,
+                                            String language,
+                                            String script,
+                                            String region,
+                                            List<String> variants) {
+        if (!variants.isEmpty()) {
+            for (String v : variants) {
+                list.add(getInstance(language, script, region, v));
+            }
+        }
+        if (!region.isEmpty()) {
+            list.add(getInstance(language, script, region, ""));
+        }
+        if (!script.isEmpty()) {
+            list.add(getInstance(language, script, "", ""));
+            if (!variants.isEmpty()) {
+                for (String v : variants) {
+                    list.add(getInstance(language, "", region, v));
+                }
+            }
+            if (!region.isEmpty()) {
+                list.add(getInstance(language, "", region, ""));
+            }
+        }
+
+        list.add(getInstance(language, "", "", ""));
+
+        if (language.equals("zh")) {
+            if (list.contains(LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANT) && !list.contains(Locale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE)) {
+                int chineseIdx = list.indexOf(Locale.CHINESE);
+                if (chineseIdx >= 0)
+                    list.add(chineseIdx, Locale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE);
+            }
+
+            if (!list.contains(Locale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE)) {
+                int chineseIdx = list.indexOf(Locale.CHINESE);
+
+                if (chineseIdx >= 0) {
+                    if (list.contains(LocaleUtils.LOCALE_ZH_HANS))
+                        list.add(chineseIdx, Locale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE);
+                    else
+                        list.add(chineseIdx + 1, Locale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // -------------
+
    public static <T> @Nullable T getByCandidateLocales(Map<String, T> map, List<Locale> candidateLocales) {
        for (Locale locale : candidateLocales) {
            String key = toLanguageKey(locale);
@@ -178,29 +342,27 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {

    // ---

-    /// Try to convert ISO 639-3 language codes to ISO 639-1 language codes.
-    public static String toISO1Language(String languageTag) {
-        return switch (languageTag) {
-            case "eng" -> "en";
-            case "spa" -> "es";
-            case "jpa" -> "ja";
-            case "rus" -> "ru";
-            case "ukr" -> "uk";
-            case "zho", "cmn", "lzh", "cdo", "cjy", "cpx", "czh",
-                 "gan", "hak", "hsn", "mnp", "nan", "wuu", "yue" -> "zh";
-            default -> languageTag;
-        };
+    /// Map ISO 639 alpha-3 language codes to ISO 639 alpha-2 language codes.
+    /// Returns `null` if there is no corresponding ISO 639 alpha-2 language code.
+    public static @Nullable String mapToISO2Language(String iso3Language) {
+        return iso3To2.get(iso3Language);
+    }
+
+    /// If `language` is a sublanguage of a [macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage),
+    /// return the macrolanguage; otherwise, return `null`.
+    public static @Nullable String getParentLanguage(String language) {
+        return subLanguageToParent.get(language);
    }

    public static boolean isEnglish(Locale locale) {
-        return "en".equals(getISO1Language(locale));
+        return "en".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
    }

    public static final Set<String> CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS = Set.of("TW", "HK", "MO");
    public static final Set<String> CHINESE_LATN_VARIANTS = Set.of("pinyin", "wadegile", "tongyong");

    public static boolean isChinese(Locale locale) {
-        return "zh".equals(getISO1Language(locale));
+        return "zh".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
    }

    private LocaleUtils() {
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;

 /**
@@ -52,5 +53,16 @@ public enum ContentEncoding {
        }
    }

+    public static @NotNull ContentEncoding fromResponse(HttpResponse<?> connection) throws IOException {
+        String encoding = connection.headers().firstValue("content-encoding").orElse("");
+        if (encoding.isEmpty() || "identity".equals(encoding)) {
+            return IDENTITY;
+        } else if ("gzip".equalsIgnoreCase(encoding)) {
+            return GZIP;
+        } else {
+            throw new IOException("Unsupported content encoding: " + encoding);
+        }
+    }
+
    public abstract InputStream wrap(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException;
 }
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.function.ExceptionalPredicate;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

 import java.io.*;
 import java.nio.charset.Charset;
@@ -153,6 +154,31 @@ public final class Zipper implements Closeable {
        zos.closeEntry();
    }

+    public OutputStream putStream(String path) throws IOException {
+        zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(normalize(path)));
+        return new OutputStream() {
+            public void write(int b) throws IOException {
+                zos.write(b);
+            }
+
+            public void write(@NotNull byte[] b) throws IOException {
+                zos.write(b);
+            }
+
+            public void write(@NotNull byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+                zos.write(b, off, len);
+            }
+
+            public void flush() throws IOException {
+                zos.flush();
+            }
+
+            public void close() throws IOException {
+                zos.closeEntry();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
    public void putLines(Stream<String> lines, String path) throws IOException {
        zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(normalize(path)));

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import javafx.beans.value.ObservableValue;

 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;

@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ public abstract class BindingMapping<T, U> extends ObjectBinding<U> {

    private static final class AsyncMappedBinding<T, U> extends BindingMapping<T, U> {

+        private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        private boolean initialized = false;
        private T prev;
        private U value;
@@ -159,13 +161,16 @@ public abstract class BindingMapping<T, U> extends ObjectBinding<U> {
        }

        private void tryUpdateValue(T currentPrev) {
-            synchronized (this) {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
                if ((initialized && Objects.equals(prev, currentPrev))
                        || isComputing(currentPrev)) {
                    return;
                }
                computing = true;
                computingPrev = currentPrev;
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
            }

            CompletableFuture<? extends U> task;
@@ -189,7 +194,8 @@ public abstract class BindingMapping<T, U> extends ObjectBinding<U> {
        }

        private void valueUpdate(T currentPrev, U computed) {
-            synchronized (this) {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
                if (isComputing(currentPrev)) {
                    computing = false;
                    computingPrev = null;
@@ -197,15 +203,20 @@ public abstract class BindingMapping<T, U> extends ObjectBinding<U> {
                    value = computed;
                    initialized = true;
                }
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        private void valueUpdateFailed(T currentPrev) {
-            synchronized (this) {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
                if (isComputing(currentPrev)) {
                    computing = false;
                    computingPrev = null;
                }
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;

 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.function.ExceptionalFunction;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ import javafx.beans.binding.ObjectBinding;
 */
 public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {

+    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final ExceptionalFunction<K, V, E> source;
    private final BiConsumer<K, Throwable> exceptionHandler;
    private final V fallbackValue;
@@ -54,22 +56,29 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {
    }

    public Optional<V> getImmediately(K key) {
-        synchronized (this) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
            return Optional.ofNullable(cache.get(key));
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public void put(K key, V value) {
-        synchronized (this) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
            cache.put(key, value);
            invalidated.remove(key);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
        }
        Platform.runLater(observable::invalidate);
    }

    private CompletableFuture<V> query(K key, Executor executor) {
        CompletableFuture<V> future;
-        synchronized (this) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
            CompletableFuture<V> prev = pendings.get(key);
            if (prev != null) {
                return prev;
@@ -77,6 +86,8 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {
                future = new CompletableFuture<>();
                pendings.put(key, future);
            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
        }

        executor.execute(() -> {
@@ -84,18 +95,24 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {
            try {
                result = source.apply(key);
            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                synchronized (this) {
+                lock.lock();
+                try {
                    pendings.remove(key);
+                } finally {
+                    lock.unlock();
                }
                exceptionHandler.accept(key, ex);
                future.completeExceptionally(ex);
                return;
            }

-            synchronized (this) {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
                cache.put(key, result);
                invalidated.remove(key);
                pendings.remove(key, future);
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
            }
            future.complete(result);
            Platform.runLater(observable::invalidate);
@@ -106,11 +123,14 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {

    public V get(K key) {
        V cached;
-        synchronized (this) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
            cached = cache.get(key);
            if (cached != null && !invalidated.containsKey(key)) {
                return cached;
            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
        }

        try {
@@ -143,7 +163,9 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {
        return Bindings.createObjectBinding(() -> {
            V result;
            boolean refresh;
-            synchronized (this) {
+
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
                result = cache.get(key);
                if (result == null) {
                    result = fallbackValue;
@@ -151,6 +173,8 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {
                } else {
                    refresh = invalidated.containsKey(key);
                }
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
            }
            if (!quiet && refresh) {
                query(key, executor);
@@ -160,10 +184,13 @@ public final class ObservableCache<K, V, E extends Exception> {
    }

    public void invalidate(K key) {
-        synchronized (this) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
            if (cache.containsKey(key)) {
                invalidated.put(key, Boolean.TRUE);
            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
        }
        Platform.runLater(observable::invalidate);
    }
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ public final class Logger {
    private static volatile String[] accessTokens = new String[0];

    public static synchronized void registerAccessToken(String token) {
+        if (token == null || token.length() <= 1)
+            return;
+
        final String[] oldAccessTokens = accessTokens;
        final String[] newAccessTokens = Arrays.copyOf(oldAccessTokens, oldAccessTokens.length + 1);

@@ -22,17 +22,17 @@ import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;

-/**
- * The managed process.
- *
- * @author huangyuhui
- * @see org.jackhuang.hmcl.launch.ExitWaiter
- * @see org.jackhuang.hmcl.launch.StreamPump
- */
+/// The managed process.
+///
+/// @author huangyuhui
+/// <!-- @see org.jackhuang.hmcl.launch.ExitWaiter -->
+/// @see org.jackhuang.hmcl.launch.StreamPump
 public final class ManagedProcess {
+    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private final Process process;
    private final List<String> commands;
    private final String classpath;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public final class ManagedProcess {
     */
    public ManagedProcess(Process process, List<String> commands) {
        this.process = process;
-        this.commands = Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(commands));
+        this.commands = List.copyOf(commands);
        this.classpath = null;
    }

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public final class ManagedProcess {
     */
    public ManagedProcess(Process process, List<String> commands, String classpath) {
        this.process = process;
-        this.commands = Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(commands));
+        this.commands = List.copyOf(commands);
        this.classpath = classpath;
    }

@@ -111,9 +111,11 @@ public final class ManagedProcess {
     *
     * @see #addLine
     */
-    public synchronized List<String> getLines(Predicate<String> lineFilter) {
+    public List<String> getLines(Predicate<String> lineFilter) {
+        lock.lock();
+
        if (lineFilter == null)
-            return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(lines.toArray(new String[0])));
+            return List.copyOf(lines);

        ArrayList<String> res = new ArrayList<>();
        for (String line : this.lines) {
@@ -123,8 +125,13 @@ public final class ManagedProcess {
        return Collections.unmodifiableList(res);
    }

-    public synchronized void addLine(String line) {
-        lines.add(line);
+    public void addLine(String line) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            lines.add(line);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
    }

    /**
@@ -133,15 +140,20 @@ public final class ManagedProcess {
     * If a thread is monitoring this raw process,
     * you are required to add the instance by this method.
     */
-    public synchronized void addRelatedThread(Thread thread) {
-        relatedThreads.add(thread);
+    public void addRelatedThread(Thread thread) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            relatedThreads.add(thread);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
    }

-    public synchronized void pumpInputStream(Consumer<String> onLogLine) {
+    public void pumpInputStream(Consumer<String> onLogLine) {
        addRelatedThread(Lang.thread(new StreamPump(process.getInputStream(), onLogLine, OperatingSystem.NATIVE_CHARSET), "ProcessInputStreamPump", true));
    }

-    public synchronized void pumpErrorStream(Consumer<String> onLogLine) {
+    public void pumpErrorStream(Consumer<String> onLogLine) {
        addRelatedThread(Lang.thread(new StreamPump(process.getErrorStream(), onLogLine, OperatingSystem.NATIVE_CHARSET), "ProcessErrorStreamPump", true));
    }

@@ -172,8 +184,13 @@ public final class ManagedProcess {
        destroyRelatedThreads();
    }

-    public synchronized void destroyRelatedThreads() {
-        relatedThreads.forEach(Thread::interrupt);
+    public void destroyRelatedThreads() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            relatedThreads.forEach(Thread::interrupt);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
    }

    @Override
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public final class SystemUtils {
        return Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource("com/sun/tools/attach/VirtualMachine.class") != null;
    }

-    private static void onLogLine(String log) {
+    public static void onLogLine(String log) {
        LOG.info(log);
    }
 }
@@ -24,15 +24,20 @@ import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.UnmodifiableView;

 import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.FileTime;
 import java.util.*;

-/**
- * @author Glavo
- */
-public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<F, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Closeable {
+import static org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.logging.Logger.LOG;
+
+/// @author Glavo
+public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<R, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Closeable {

    public static ArchiveFileTree<?, ?> open(Path file) throws IOException {
        Path namePath = file.getFileName();
@@ -50,23 +55,55 @@ public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<F, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Clos
        }
    }

-    protected final F file;
-    protected final Dir<E> root = new Dir<>("");
+    protected final R reader;
+    protected final Dir<E> root = new Dir<>("", "");

-    public ArchiveFileTree(F file) {
-        this.file = file;
+    public ArchiveFileTree(R reader) {
+        this.reader = reader;
    }

-    public F getFile() {
-        return file;
+    public R getReader() {
+        return reader;
    }

    public Dir<E> getRoot() {
        return root;
    }

+    public @Nullable E getEntry(@NotNull String entryPath) {
+        Dir<E> dir = root;
+        String fileName;
+        if (entryPath.indexOf('/') < 0) {
+            fileName = entryPath;
+            if (fileName.isEmpty())
+                return root.getEntry();
+        } else {
+            String[] path = entryPath.split("/");
+            if (path.length == 0)
+                return root.getEntry();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < path.length - 1; i++) {
+                String item = path[i];
+                if (item.isEmpty())
+                    continue;
+                dir = dir.getSubDirs().get(item);
+                if (dir == null)
+                    return null;
+            }
+
+            fileName = path[path.length - 1];
+            E entry = dir.getFiles().get(fileName);
+            if (entry != null)
+                return entry;
+        }
+
+        Dir<E> subDir = dir.getSubDirs().get(fileName);
+        return subDir != null ? subDir.getEntry() : null;
+    }
+
    protected void addEntry(E entry) throws IOException {
        String[] path = entry.getName().split("/");
+        List<String> pathList = Arrays.asList(path);

        Dir<E> dir = root;

@@ -81,7 +118,9 @@ public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<F, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Clos
                throw new IOException("A file and a directory have the same name: " + entry.getName());
            }

-            dir = dir.subDirs.computeIfAbsent(item, Dir::new);
+            final int nameEnd = i + 1;
+            dir = dir.subDirs.computeIfAbsent(item, name ->
+                    new Dir<>(name, String.join("/", pathList.subList(0, nameEnd))));
        }

        if (entry.isDirectory()) {
@@ -106,6 +145,55 @@ public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<F, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Clos

    public abstract InputStream getInputStream(E entry) throws IOException;

+    public @NotNull InputStream getInputStream(String entryPath) throws IOException {
+        E entry = getEntry(entryPath);
+        if (entry == null)
+            throw new FileNotFoundException("Entry not found: " + entryPath);
+        return getInputStream(entry);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] readBinaryEntry(@NotNull E entry) throws IOException {
+        try (InputStream input = getInputStream(entry)) {
+            return input.readAllBytes();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String readTextEntry(@NotNull String entryPath) throws IOException {
+        E entry = getEntry(entryPath);
+        if (entry == null)
+            throw new FileNotFoundException("Entry not found: " + entryPath);
+        return readTextEntry(entry);
+    }
+
+    public String readTextEntry(@NotNull E entry) throws IOException {
+        return new String(readBinaryEntry(entry), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    }
+
+    protected void copyAttributes(@NotNull E source, @NotNull Path targetFile) throws IOException {
+        FileTime lastModifiedTime = source.getLastModifiedTime();
+        if (lastModifiedTime != null)
+            Files.setLastModifiedTime(targetFile, lastModifiedTime);
+    }
+
+    public void extractTo(@NotNull String entryPath, @NotNull Path targetFile) throws IOException {
+        E entry = getEntry(entryPath);
+        if (entry == null)
+            throw new FileNotFoundException("Entry not found: " + entryPath);
+
+        extractTo(entry, targetFile);
+    }
+
+    public void extractTo(@NotNull E entry, @NotNull Path targetFile) throws IOException {
+        try (InputStream input = getInputStream(entry)) {
+            Files.copy(input, targetFile, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+        }
+        try {
+            copyAttributes(entry, targetFile);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warning("Failed to copy attributes to " + targetFile, e);
+        }
+    }
+
    public abstract boolean isLink(E entry);

    public abstract String getLink(E entry) throws IOException;
@@ -117,13 +205,15 @@ public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<F, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Clos

    public static final class Dir<E extends ArchiveEntry> {
        private final String name;
+        private final String fullName;
        private E entry;

        final Map<String, Dir<E>> subDirs = new HashMap<>();
        final Map<String, E> files = new HashMap<>();

-        public Dir(String name) {
+        public Dir(String name, String fullName) {
            this.name = name;
+            this.fullName = fullName;
        }

        public boolean isRoot() {
@@ -134,6 +224,11 @@ public abstract class ArchiveFileTree<F, E extends ArchiveEntry> implements Clos
            return name;
        }

+        /// Get the normalized full path. Leading `/` and all `.` in the path will be removed.
+        public @NotNull String getFullName() {
+            return fullName;
+        }
+
        public @Nullable E getEntry() {
            return entry;
        }
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree;

 import kala.compress.archivers.tar.TarArchiveEntry;
 import kala.compress.archivers.tar.TarArchiveReader;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

 import java.io.*;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.BasicFileAttributeView;
 import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;

 /**
@@ -98,9 +100,22 @@ public final class TarFileTree extends ArchiveFileTree<TarArchiveReader, TarArch
            this.shutdownHook = null;
    }

+    @Override
+    protected void copyAttributes(@NotNull TarArchiveEntry source, @NotNull Path targetFile) throws IOException {
+        var fileAttributeView = Files.getFileAttributeView(targetFile, BasicFileAttributeView.class);
+        if (fileAttributeView == null)
+            return;
+
+        fileAttributeView.setTimes(
+                source.getLastModifiedTime(),
+                source.getLastAccessTime(),
+                source.getCreationTime()
+        );
+    }
+
    @Override
    public InputStream getInputStream(TarArchiveEntry entry) throws IOException {
-        return file.getInputStream(entry);
+        return reader.getInputStream(entry);
    }

    @Override
@@ -121,7 +136,7 @@ public final class TarFileTree extends ArchiveFileTree<TarArchiveReader, TarArch
    @Override
    public void close() throws IOException {
        try {
-            file.close();
+            reader.close();
        } finally {
            if (tempFile != null) {
                Runtime.getRuntime().removeShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
@@ -20,9 +20,17 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.tree;
 import kala.compress.archivers.zip.ZipArchiveEntry;
 import kala.compress.archivers.zip.ZipArchiveReader;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.BasicFileAttributeView;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFileAttributeView;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.Set;

 /**
 * @author Glavo
@@ -51,12 +59,53 @@ public final class ZipFileTree extends ArchiveFileTree<ZipArchiveReader, ZipArch
    @Override
    public void close() throws IOException {
        if (closeReader)
-            file.close();
+            reader.close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("OctalInteger")
+    protected void copyAttributes(@NotNull ZipArchiveEntry source, @NotNull Path targetFile) throws IOException {
+        BasicFileAttributeView targetView = Files.getFileAttributeView(targetFile, PosixFileAttributeView.class);
+
+        // target might not support posix even if source does
+        if (targetView == null)
+            targetView = Files.getFileAttributeView(targetFile, BasicFileAttributeView.class);
+
+        if (targetView == null)
+            return;
+
+        targetView.setTimes(
+                source.getLastModifiedTime(),
+                source.getLastAccessTime(),
+                source.getCreationTime()
+        );
+
+        int unixMode = source.getUnixMode();
+        if (unixMode != 0 && targetView instanceof PosixFileAttributeView posixView) {
+            Set<PosixFilePermission> permissions = EnumSet.noneOf(PosixFilePermission.class);
+
+            // Owner permissions
+            if ((unixMode & 0400) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ);
+            if ((unixMode & 0200) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE);
+            if ((unixMode & 0100) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_EXECUTE);
+
+            // Group permissions
+            if ((unixMode & 0040) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_READ);
+            if ((unixMode & 0020) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_WRITE);
+            if ((unixMode & 0010) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_EXECUTE);
+
+            // Others permissions
+            if ((unixMode & 0004) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_READ);
+            if ((unixMode & 0002) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_WRITE);
+            if ((unixMode & 0001) != 0) permissions.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_EXECUTE);
+
+            posixView.setPermissions(permissions);
+        }
    }

    @Override
    public InputStream getInputStream(ZipArchiveEntry entry) throws IOException {
-        return getFile().getInputStream(entry);
+        return getReader().getInputStream(entry);
    }

    @Override
@@ -66,7 +115,7 @@ public final class ZipFileTree extends ArchiveFileTree<ZipArchiveReader, ZipArch

    @Override
    public String getLink(ZipArchiveEntry entry) throws IOException {
-        return getFile().getUnixSymlink(entry);
+        return getReader().getUnixSymlink(entry);
    }

    @Override
@@ -831,4 +831,19 @@
 1.21.7-rc2
 1.21.7
 1.21.8-rc1
-1.21.8
+1.21.8
+25w31a
+25w32a
+25w33a
+25w34a
+25w34b
+25w35a
+25w36a
+25w36b
+25w37a
+1.21.9-pre1
+1.21.9-pre2
+1.21.9-pre3
+1.21.9-pre4
+1.21.9-rc1
+1.21.9
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+aa,aar
+ab,abk
+ae,ave
+af,afr
+ak,aka
+am,amh
+an,arg
+ar,ara
+as,asm
+av,ava
+ay,aym
+az,aze
+ba,bak
+be,bel
+bg,bul
+bh,bih
+bi,bis
+bm,bam
+bn,ben
+bo,bod
+br,bre
+bs,bos
+ca,cat
+ce,che
+ch,cha
+co,cos
+cr,cre
+cs,ces
+cu,chu
+cv,chv
+cy,cym
+da,dan
+de,deu
+dv,div
+dz,dzo
+ee,ewe
+el,ell
+en,eng
+eo,epo
+es,spa
+et,est
+eu,eus
+fa,fas
+ff,ful
+fi,fin
+fj,fij
+fo,fao
+fr,fra
+fy,fry
+ga,gle
+gd,gla
+gl,glg
+gn,grn
+gu,guj
+gv,glv
+ha,hau
+he,heb
+hi,hin
+ho,hmo
+hr,hrv
+ht,hat
+hu,hun
+hy,hye
+hz,her
+ia,ina
+id,ind
+ie,ile
+ig,ibo
+ii,iii
+ik,ipk
+in,ind
+io,ido
+is,isl
+it,ita
+iu,iku
+iw,heb
+ja,jpn
+ji,yid
+jv,jav
+ka,kat
+kg,kon
+ki,kik
+kj,kua
+kk,kaz
+kl,kal
+km,khm
+kn,kan
+ko,kor
+kr,kau
+ks,kas
+ku,kur
+kv,kom
+kw,cor
+ky,kir
+la,lat
+lb,ltz
+lg,lug
+li,lim
+ln,lin
+lo,lao
+lt,lit
+lu,lub
+lv,lav
+mg,mlg
+mh,mah
+mi,mri
+mk,mkd
+ml,mal
+mn,mon
+mo,mol
+mr,mar
+ms,msa
+mt,mlt
+my,mya
+na,nau
+nb,nob
+nd,nde
+ne,nep
+ng,ndo
+nl,nld
+nn,nno
+no,nor
+nr,nbl
+nv,nav
+ny,nya
+oc,oci
+oj,oji
+om,orm
+or,ori
+os,oss
+pa,pan
+pi,pli
+pl,pol
+ps,pus
+pt,por
+qu,que
+rm,roh
+rn,run
+ro,ron
+ru,rus
+rw,kin
+sa,san
+sc,srd
+sd,snd
+se,sme
+sg,sag
+si,sin
+sk,slk
+sl,slv
+sm,smo
+sn,sna
+so,som
+sq,sqi
+sr,srp
+ss,ssw
+st,sot
+su,sun
+sv,swe
+sw,swa
+ta,tam
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Author	SHA1	Message	Date
ZkiteflyandGlavo	dda30274a4	优化模组管理布局 (#3229 ) Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com>	2025-10-03 21:20:52 +08:00
Glavo	2b43ee24a1	Fix Debug_zh.md (#4593 )	2025-10-03 21:02:49 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	66f1e60433	fix(i18n): correct the language name in literary chinese (#4592 ) Fix #4591	2025-10-03 20:02:14 +08:00
Burning_TNTand3gf8jv4dv	3c3e2b8cfc	Terracotta \| 陶瓦联机 (#4215 ) Co-authored-by: 3gf8jv4dv <3gf8jv4dv@gmail.com>	2025-10-03 20:01:08 +08:00
Burning_TNTandGlavo	365bb089c5	Fix #4572 : Use String::lines to handle line separators on various OS (#4575 ) Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com>	2025-10-03 19:59:43 +08:00
Glavo	87af44328b	添加“提前预览 HMCL 版本”选项 (#4223 )	2025-10-03 19:56:59 +08:00
Glavo	8731faaac7	更新 Jenkins CI 链接 (#4584 )	2025-10-02 21:57:44 +08:00
Glavo	5abc1f1f9d	修复“不自动添加 Java 虚拟机优化参数”选项未保存至配置文件的问题 (#4583 )	2025-10-02 20:47:34 +08:00
Glavo	40b4ecd42a	从 synchronized 切换至 ReentrantLock (#4564 )	2025-10-02 15:50:56 +08:00
Glavo	e0f5c4d91e	优化 EventBus (#4565 )	2025-10-02 15:38:03 +08:00
辞庐	35ecd58460	Fix #4556 : 修复在短时间内连续点击 OptionToggleButton 只会更改一次状态的问题 (#4568 )	2025-10-02 15:31:20 +08:00
辞庐	f29c2bc202	Fix 4555: 修复外观 - 不透明度滑块刻度线在不同滑块位置时排布不统一的问题 (#4571 )	2025-10-02 15:25:52 +08:00
Glavo	361e928e73	支持从 WorkflowMultiBranchProject 中检查最新版本 (#4576 )	2025-10-02 15:22:15 +08:00
Glavo	484b65b513	优化对颠倒的英语的支持 (#4577 )	2025-10-02 15:21:03 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	19f02e3967	chore: update versions.txt to 1.21.9 (#4566 )	2025-10-01 13:08:43 +08:00
Glavo	495da6b6b0	更新 Jenkins CI 服务器的发布模型 (#4559 )	2025-10-01 13:04:19 +08:00
Glavo	168c4ac708	支持通过环境变量控制 UI 缩放比例 (#4521 )	2025-09-29 16:51:57 +08:00
Glavo	7e8a6679cc	将 EventManager 中的 synchronized 替换为 ReentrantLock (#4562 )	2025-09-29 15:49:18 +08:00
Glavo	e90d5185f6	增强 ArchiveFileTree (#4547 )	2025-09-29 15:19:37 +08:00
Glavo	8a89baee09	使用 Gradle 获取更新信息 (#4560 )	2025-09-28 20:29:07 +08:00
辞庐	7f4c5fc4a0	清理代码 (#4519 )	2025-09-28 00:01:00 +08:00
Glavo	75789c774d	修复切换下载源后需要重启启动器才会生效的问题 (#4296 )	2025-09-27 16:26:38 +08:00
Glavo	f0a16b3d14	GitHub Action 按文件类型分别上传构建产物 (#4537 )	2025-09-27 15:56:28 +08:00
Glavo	710e69751f	重构 FetchTask 以使用 HttpClient 和虚拟线程 (#4546 )	2025-09-26 20:54:22 +08:00
Glavo	938d8647ce	删除 InvocationDispatcher 中的 synchronized 块 (#4550 )	2025-09-26 20:44:34 +08:00
Glavo	4b4dd592c3	将 Schedulers.io() 切换至虚拟线程 (#4548 )	2025-09-26 20:12:01 +08:00
Glavo	225dba7448	Bump JNA to 5.18.0 (#4549 )	2025-09-26 17:06:01 +08:00
Glavo	5b1414428e	添加 Debug_zh.md (#4542 )	2025-09-24 15:22:50 +08:00
Glavo	cb467ae240	优化本地化支持 (#4539 ) - 简化代码 - 修复错误用词 - 优化语言名称显示	2025-09-23 15:47:46 +08:00
rootwhois	9416c0cfb3	修复日志页面选中条目时 hover 背景闪烁两次的问题 (#4517 ) fix #4245	2025-09-23 11:46:18 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	16ea98c95a	chore(l10n): revise chinese (traditional) and english (#4530 )	2025-09-23 11:30:54 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	a8552a92d1	chore(l10n): add new translations to spanish (#4531 )	2025-09-23 11:30:03 +08:00
Glavo	36d71bd14e	支持颠倒的英语 (#4527 )	2025-09-22 22:07:06 +08:00
3gf8jv4dv	cbe6554390	feat(l10n): add `boot_es.properties` (#4532 )	2025-09-22 21:48:09 +08:00
Glavo	1b65e0b6d7	Fix #4526 : 修复将空字符串注册为 Access Token 后日志输出异常的问题 (#4528 )	2025-09-22 16:07:16 +08:00
Glavo	bd9ae189f8	优化本地化支持 (#4525 )	2025-09-21 15:15:22 +08:00
Glavo	867a04dfba	支持在“实例管理”按钮上通过滚动滚轮切换游戏实例 (#4509 )	2025-09-20 20:15:11 +08:00
Wulian233	dd7703c7a9	修复删除世界时无法删除 zip 格式世界的问题 (#4500 )	2025-09-20 17:14:19 +08:00
Glavo	756b95ca8c	添加本地化说明文档 (#4516 )	2025-09-20 16:41:58 +08:00
rootwhoisandGlavo	ac0a0c7604	修复 AdvancedListBox 在非必要的情况下显示滚动条的问题 (#4514 ) Co-authored-by: Glavo <zjx001202@gmail.com>	2025-09-20 16:28:59 +08:00
Glavo	9ee611c0f6	Bump Gradle to 9.1.0 (#4520 )	2025-09-20 15:55:20 +08:00
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`zh,cdo,cjy,cmn,cnp,cpx,csp,czh,czo,gan,hak,hnm,hsn,luh,lzh,mnp,nan,sjc,wuu,yue`